such as bauxite, rutile, hematite,

and chalcopyrite are the sources of our most

important metals. Metallic minerals such as

aluminum, copper, and magnesium are

extracted from these ____

defined as rocks or

resources from the Earth that are utilized

because of their physical and chemical

characteristics and not because of their metal

content and which are energy sources

Clays, gypsum, potash, mica, phosphates,

calcium carbonate, talc, and zeolite are a few

well known __________________ that offer a wide

array of domestic and industrial applications.

are

unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty

and its contribution to jewelry, cosmetics and

medicine.

corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire), beryl

varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite)

is the process by which a deposit of ore is

created has three major types

In Ore Genesis : volcanic activities

In Ore Genesis : when seawater

meets magma

In Ore Genesis : weathering, erosion, mass

wasting rivers and streams, glaciers

can be found in the Earth's surface or to its

crust and at the ocean floor

Ore minerals : (quarts, mica and olivine)

Ore minerals : (granite, gabbro and basalt)

Ore minerals : (sandstone, shale, and

limestone)

Ore minerals : (gneiss, schist and

amphibolite)

Gabbro, Basalt, Serpentine, Peridotite, Olivine

and ore minerals from Volcanic Massive Sulfide

deposits (found in the ocean floor)

concentration of a mineral

that is of scientific or technical assistance.

presence of mineral resources

mineral occurrence of

sufficient size and grade or concentration to

enable extraction under the most favorable conditions. abundant mineral resources

mineral deposit that has been

tested and known to be economically profitable

to mine

Process of extracting mineral resources from

the surface of the Earth

involves prospecting, drilling, and

modelling of ore deposit.

⎯ Evaluation of land’s geology

⎯ Analyzing chemical properties of soil and water

⎯ Commission airborne and ground physical

survey

⎯ Drilling: involves the use of diamond drill to

collect ore samples from the area to examine

the type and grade of minerals.

⎯ Modelling: geologic modelling of the ore

deposit from geologic survey, and physical and

chemical testing.

- determines

whether the site can be operated in an

environmentally safe, economically sound, and socially responsible manner. It involves scoping,

feasibility studies, procurement of necessary

facilities and equipment.

- involves building roads,

processing facilities, environmental

management systems, employee housing, and

other facilities.

- the stage where actual mining and

processing of minerals happen.

the process of closing

the mine and returning the land in its original

state.

⎯ Ensuring public health and safety

⎯ Minimizing environmental effects

⎯ Removing wastes and hazardous materials

⎯ Preserving water quality

⎯ Stabilizing land to protect against erosion

⎯ Establishing new landforms and vegetation

⎯ Mining operations that delve into rock to

extract deposits of mineral resources that are

close to the surface.

- digging of large open holes in

the ground.

practice of mining an ore by first

removing all of the soil and rock that lies on top.

practice of removing

the top of the mountain to remove deposits not

accessible by other techniques.

process of extracting minerals

from placer (deposit of minerals in the bed of

river or lake).

4 types of surface mining

Mining operations that extract valuable

minerals or other geological materials buried

deep in Earth’s crust

method of accessing valuable

geological material by cutting into the side of

the earth, rather than tunneling straight

downwards.

method accessing valuable

geological material a sloping access shaft travels

downwards towards the material

process where miners dig straight

down or almost straight drown until they reach

their desired depth.

3 types of Underground Mining

Energy sources that originated from biological

materials. It is composed of hydrocarbons.

Examples of this are coal, oil, and natural gas

A combustible black or brownish-black

sedimentary rock. It normally occurs in rock

strata as layers or veins called coal beds or coal

seams

The process of coal formation is called

Process of separating the grains of ore minerals

from the unwanted materials.

in ore processing : process of reducing the ore’s size

turning it to particles and fragments. It involves

the process of crushing and grinding. Sizing may

happen after crushing

in ore processing : It involves the act of

creating concentrates of minerals as it is

separated from gangue. Methods used should

be based in the properties of the minerals.

in Separation Method : involves the

separation of products with

different densities.

in Separation Method : utilizes the force exerted

by a magnetic field upon magnetic materials to

counteract partially or wholly the effect of

gravity

in Separation Method : involves the separation of

hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic

materials.

in Separation Method : method of extraction in

which a solvent is passed through a mixture to

remove some desired substance from it.

It is also known as Petroleum and is another type

of fossil fuel that is nonrenewable. Petroleum

comes from ancient marine organisms like

marine plants, algae and bacteria

Once extracted, this oil will be transported to

refineries to transform oil into usable fuels like

propane, kerosene, gasoline and other fuel

products

A type of fossil fuel that is odorless, colorless

hydrocarbon gas. It is made up of hydrocarbon

that is mostly methane (CH4).

If a natural gas is found in porous and permeable

rock beds or mixed into oil reservoirs which can

be extracted through drilling, this is called

If a natural gas are too difficult or expensive to

extract and require a special stimulation

technique like fracking, is called

Forms of energy that can be replenished

naturally in a relatively short period of time.

They are derived from sunlight, wind, water,

and geothermal heat. It is sustainable because

it does not emit pollutants or greenhouse

gases that contribute to climate change.

Forms of energy that cannot be replaced in a

short amount of time or are finite and will

eventually run out. They are often derived from

fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas,

that were formed over millions of years and

cannot be replenished in our lifetime

Energy that is derived from the heat of the

Earth's crust. It is a clean and sustainable source

of energy that can be used for heating, cooling,

and generating electricity

Can be harnessed by tapping into this heat

through wells or underground reservoirs, where

hot water or steam is produced and then used to

power turbines to generate electricity

are used in order to generate electricity by the

use of geothermal energy (the Earth's internal

thermal energy). They essentially work the

same as a coal or nuclear power plant, the main

difference being the heat source. With

geothermal, the Earth's heat replaces the

boiler of a coal plant or the reactor of a nuclear

plant.

• Form of renewable energy that is generated by

harnessing the power of flowing water.

• This is typically done by building a dam or

reservoir on a river, creating a large body of

water that can be used to turn turbines and

generate electricity.