(1809-1882) British scientist, laid the foundation of modern with his concept that all species have developed from a common ancestor through the process of natural selection.

(a)  

The _____ ________ ________ depicts that the allele frequency will not change until acted upon by factors such as population size, mutation, or natural selection. Allele frequency can be calculated by dividing the total number of each allele by the total number of alleles in the population. p² + 2pq + q² = 1; the frequencies of two alleles, p and q, in a population will remain stable if no selective pressures are acting on a sufficiently large population

(a)  

The ______ __ _________ shows the evolution of organisms from single cell to multicell complex organisms. The theory is based on findings from fossil records, skeletal structures of vertebrates, molecular similarities and differences between organisms, comparative embryology, and evolution of bacteria.

(a)  

Species are adapted to the specific environment where they live. A geographic barrier can separate a single population into two separate populations that cannot mate. Each of these populations adapt to their environment and may evolve sufficiently so they can no longer mate even if presented with an individual of the other population. At this point the two groups are separate species that developed due to geographic isolation. This is __________ _________

(a)  

The accidental discovery of penicillin changed the nature of medicine. ___________ kill bacteria without harming human cells, Alexander Fleming discovered the first __________ in 1928. Bacteria can become resistant to ___________ due to overuse and improper prescribing.

(a)  

selective breeding of plants and animals by humans. Artificial breeding is selected breeding done to obtain certain traits. By selecting the certain traits the farmer can produce animals with the traits he wants. In this case larger pigs that produce more meat. This is a description of __________ ________

(a)  

(a)   provides strong evidence for plate tectonics, since identical fossils are found by widely separated land masses. Alfred Wallace's study of biogeography led him to identify Earth's distinct regions of flora and fauna.

A __________ ______ occurs due to a dramatic decrease in the size of a population. This reduces the population's genetic variation. The allele frequency of the population changes and some alleles may be lost altogether. This may lead to genetic drift. Breeding programs can increase the numbers of endangered species, but the genetic diversity is still limited because of the __________ ______.

(a)  

__________ is prevalent among pairs of interacting organisms, such as predator and prey, host and parasite, or plant and pollinator. Many plants' flower shapes and scents arise through the ___________ with their insect pollinators. For example, some flowers have long tubes with nectaries at their base accessible only to the long tongues of moths that have evolved to pollinate them.The ___________ between fig wasps and figs has become so profound that neither organism can exist without the other

(a)  

__________ _________ is the study of similarities and differences between the various anatomical structures of different organisms. The forelimbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats are made of the same basic bone structure. These forelimbs have very different functions.

(a)  

Even though penguins are birds and dolphins are mammals, they are similar shapes because of __________ ________. ________ _______ explains similarities between unrelated organisms.

(a)  

___________ ________ takes place when a single phenotype is favored for survival. In the example of ground finches, finches with thick bills are more capable of opening hard seeds than those with thin bills.

(a)  

__________ _________ results in a population with organisms showing traits at both ends of the range of traits. Organisms with intermediate traits are selected against, so are less common.

(a)  

occurs when many existing species are wiped out and new ones quickly evolve to fill the niches they have vacated.

(a)  

A(n) ____________ ____ _______ shows the evolutionary relationships among species, such as how primates, rodents, carnivores, and other mammals are all related through a common ancestor. This chart is a chart that uses similar features and genetic similarities to map out evolutionary relationships.

(a)  

Like a photograph, ​ (a)   give scientists clues into the past. They can be rocks that have the imprint of living things that were on Earth ​ (b)   of years ago, or they can be the remains of the organism itself, such as ​ (c)   , which may have turned into rock. Most fossils are formed when a ​ (d)   dies and is ​ (e)   beneath mud or sand.

A ______ _____ results when a few individuals from a population colonize a new area, the allele frequency in the colony may differ from the allele frequency of the original population and the reduced genetic variation that occurs when a new population is formed by few individuals of a larger population. In this example, a few butterflies found a new population which may not have the same allele frequencies as the original population.

(a)  

When ______ _____ occurs, the allele frequency randomly changes so that each generation within a population differs from the parent generation. Genetic drift is more rapid in small populations, accounting for fixation or loss of genotypes and potential speciation or extinction events.

(a)  

A range of differences in DNA within a population or species organisms. Scientists measure _______ _______ within levels of biological organization such as populations or species. Measures of ______ _______ are important for animal breeders and conservationists studying populations.

(a)  

Although they are different shapes and serve different purposes, verterbrate limbs exhibit (a)   or shared ancestry of biological structures or molecules.

(a)   can result from the development of new species during an episodic speciation event or the loss of many species during a mass extinction event. Large-scale evolutionary change above the species level that leads to the development or loss of many new species over time

The ____ _______ event at the end of the Cretaceous period killed the species of dinosaurs that existed at the time along with numerous species of other organisms. Scientists think that this ____ _______ could have been caused or made worse by an asteroid or comet impact. The few mammals that survived went on to thrive on Earth and evolve into the present day species.

(a)  

Changes the allele frequency within a population over time because of environmental changes or selective pressures. House sparrows living in the northern parts of the USA have evolved to be larger, in average, than those in the South. This is probably an adaptation to the colder climate in the North. Selective pressures on a population can lead to changes in allele frequency. This process of (a)   can be easily observed in organisms that reproduce quickly.

the identity of the sequence of monomers in a polymer; the sequence of units that make up a larger molecule. i.e The sequence of amino acids that make up a protein

(a)  

a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s genome; also a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein as a result of a ________ in the gene; natural selection can act upon a ________ that results in a change in phenotype. _________ can be beneficial, harmful, or have no effect on an organism’s phenotype. Some ________ can improve a species's chances of survival, conferring an evolutionary advantage.

(a)  

______ ________ is one of the most important mechanisms of evolution. It is a process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than other organisms of that population.

(a)  

is the study of fossils and understanding the nature and habitat of an organism. Paleontologists use fossils to study past environments, evolution, and human prehistory.

(a)  

__________ _________ occurs when organisms within a population are separated from each other and are reproductively isolated from the parent species. The parent population of mice on the hillside evolves to form two different species.Although there is no specific barrier, organisms undergoing _______ _______ are more likely to mate with nearby individuals. Reduced gene flow and different selective pressures in different parts of the organism’s range can cause these groups to evolve separately. This divergence can lead to the evolution of two or more species.

(a)  

A type of natural selection based on the organism's ability to find a mate. There are two types of ______ ______ , intrasexual or intersexual. selection can result in phenotypes that may seem unfavorable—such as the tail of the peacock which makes the peacock an easier prey. However,

_______ _______ favors this trait because females preferentially mate with males that have large tails.

(a)  

Infant birth weight is an example of _________ ________. Infants that are on either end of the spectrum (large and small) have increased mortality. Infants in middle of the range are most likely to survive and pass on their genetic information.

(a)  

_______ ______ occurs when a new species evolves from the original population without any geographic isolation. Some flies from a population favor apples as a niche over hawthorn berries. This part of the population mates only with the flies that breed on apples. Hence, they isolate themselves and evolve into a new species.

(a)