Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown.

Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.

Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas.

The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture.

Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries.

Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates.

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital.

Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields.

Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States

Rural-to-urban migration increasing the population density to eastern China

Linear settlements located along a major road in a densely forested area of Brazil

Dispersed settlement throughout a large mountainous area of Switzerland

Sri Lanka's unique climate and terrain make it one of the only countries where tea plants thrive.

Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

The early hearth of tea plant domestication is located in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lankans drink more tea per capita than any other nationality.

A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms.

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations.

More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology.

The spatial organization of agriculture has changed because of an increase in the number of farms as farmers join local commodity chains that regulate supply and demand for agricultural products and large profits can be realized.

The spatial organization of agriculture has remained stable, but farm productivity has increased through technological innovations that are available to farmers through membership in local commodity chains.

Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

Farms are increasing in size, but there is little change in the spatial organization of agriculture because of the instability of regional cooperatives and associated commodity chains that cannot meet the demand for new products desired by consumers.

Both farming practices stimulate local economies with the influx of profits from export-oriented crops.

Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.

Both farming practices provide an increased standard of living in rural communities from the many jobs created to run these large farms.

Both farming practices enable local farmers to remain on their land rather than migrating to jobs in urban areas.

Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers.

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them.

Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas.

Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place.

Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants.

Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types.

The plants and animals diffused only a short distance away from their point of domestication.

The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.

Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations.

Diffusion of plants and animals filled the loss in many areas from a number of plant and animal extinctions.

Both systems set specific property boundaries for landholders. However, the metes-and-bounds system is more orderly and efficient.

Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.

Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, only properties surveyed with the metes-and-bounds system can be subdivided into smaller plots.

Both systems access the Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) to set property lines. However, GNSS is accurate only for township-and-range systems.

The township-and-range survey system was more varied in plot size, while the size of plots in the long-lot system was set at 50 acres.

The township-and-range survey system was based on physical features, while the long-lot system was based on a geometric grid pattern.

The long-lot survey system created a more uniform division of land, while the township-and-range survey system conformed to physical features on the landscape.

The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality.

Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program.

Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was less successful because of the negative impact on the environment.

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

The elimination of poverty in India’s rural regions

The use of genetically modified seeds

The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit

Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries.

Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

Genetically modified crops and ever-increasing levels of mechanization, as shown in the images, drove productivity up and made hunger a thing of the past.

Innovations such as crop rotations and hybrid selection, facilitated by the technology shown in the images, made agriculture productive enough to support the growth of urban centers and led to the creation of modern civilization.

The adaptation of newly introduced crops such as potatoes and corn from the New World, which were planted and harvested using the technology shown in the images, made European farms more productive, which led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

An increase in chemical farming practices let to more food being produced by farmers and then processed in factories

The domestication of plants and animals allowed for factory farming practices where workers made the first canned foods

An increase in the rural farming workforce lead to higher farm productivity, which resulted in more food for urban industrial workers

The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce

Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff

Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides

Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

Burning small areas of forested land for subsistence farming, which increases biodiversity

Concentrating large numbers of farm animals in small spaces has decreased the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

Feed grains have eliminated potentially harmful invasive plant species from farmland.

Land development has increased the available water supply for other farming practices.

A decline in insect-borne diseases and improved health at the global scale

A decrease in the price of agricultural products due to lower labor costs associated with applying chemicals over widespread areas in one application

An increase in the use of genetically modified crops

An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to increased poverty in the two countries.

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time.

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

Palm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries.

Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations.

The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products.

Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest.

Wheat farming would require more machinery, which conflicts with the environmental standards of many states in New England.

Market gardening products can be easily transported to the primary market of California without spoiling.

Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

Farmers can specialize in market gardening products because of the rocky soil found in many New England states.

The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly.

The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas.

The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market.

The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

Land value increases as one moves away from the market town because rural land is more valuable to farmers.

Market gardening materials require heavier applications of chemicals to produce greater profits, which reduces the land value near the market town.

Pasture land is the most valuable land since more is needed to raise livestock in a ranching environment.

Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.

Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly.

Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.

Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport.

Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market.

Plantation Farming

High Temperature

Abundant Rainfall

Little Rainfall

Pastoral Nomadism/Livestock Ranching

Little Rainfall

High Temperatures

Low Temperatures

Dairy/Mediterranean

Seasonal changes between summers and winters

Moderate Temperatures

High Elevation

The Physical Environment can impact the ways in which human society develops, however humans can utilize technology in order to combat natural limitations

The Physical Environment does not impact the ways in which human society develops, however humans can utilize technology in order to combat natural limitations

Mainly focuses on using labor and resources in small land areas to increase income and yield.

Focuses on the usage of large areas of land and less labor and resources

Mainly focuses on using labor and resources in small land areas to increase income and yield.

Focuses on the usage of large areas of land and less labor and resources

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

Intensive

Extensive

Commerical

Subsistence

True

False

The focus of agriculture is to produce enough for to feed the family but with little, if any, profit

The focus of agriculture is to produce a product to sell to other people

The focus of agriculture is to produce enough for to feed the family but with little, if any, profit

The focus of agriculture is to produce a product to sell to other people

True

False

True

False

True

False

The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market

The value of land is NOT influenced by its relationship to the market

The perishability of the product and transportation costs to the market factor into a farmer's decisions regarding agricultural practices

Market/Urban Center

Dairy Farming and Market

Forests

Grains and Cereal Crops

Market/Urban Center

Dairy Farming and Market

Forests

Grains and Cereal Crops

Market/Urban Center

Dairy Farming and Market

Forests

Grains and Cereal Crops

Market/Urban Center

Dairy Farming and Market

Forests

Grains and Cereal Crops

Livestock Ranching

Dairy Farming and Market

Forests

Grains and Cereal Crops

Multiple market centers across the world today

Food preservation techniques such as tin cans and refrigeration

Improved transportation infrastructure complex networks of shipping cargo cars via ship, train, roads and air routes

Government policies about land use or to encourage growth of a particular crop