Hand samples of rocks can give us information about the _________________________.

The Rocky Mountains and Great Plains are very different in many large-scale ways, but they have similar ____________________________.

Rocks __________________.

When sediment is compacted and cemented together, it forms _____________ rock.

When magma cools, it hardens to form __________ rock.

The rock formation in the Rocky Mountains is ______________ rock.

The rock formation in the Great Plains is ______________ rock.

Magma is made by _______________________.

Sediment is made by _______________________.

Magma is made ______________.

Sediment is made ______________.

____________ is a complex process, which results in wind and water breaking down rock into sediment.

_____________ is the process of moving water and wind, carrying sediment, downhill to a low point in the landscape where it accumulates.

___________ can become magma or sediment.

Sediment forms when _____________ rock is weathered.

Matter gets transformed by energy, _______________________.

Magma forms when _____________ rock is melted.

Sediment forms when _____________ rock is weathered.

The formation of sediment is a process driven by energy from _____________.

The formation of magma is a process driven by energy from _____________.

Different energy sources transform each rock type __________.

Scientists make detailed observations of _____________ of rock to distinguish them from one another.

The plate motion that occurred near the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains _____________________ that formed underground.

_______________________________ eventually eroded and its sediment formed sedimentary rock in the Great Plains.

________________________ move(s) rock formations.

_____________ moves rock down, below Earth’s outer layer.

___________________ moves rock upward, toward Earth’s surface.

Uplift and subduction can expose rock formations to ____________________________, which can transform them.

Any kind of rock can be made into any other kind of rock.

What is true of the convection currents in Earth.

What is the Rock Cycle?

The process where sediment becomes glued together is called _________________.

____________ rocks form when rock buried deep inside the Earth change without melting or weathering.

Rocks formed under great pressure but no heat are _______.

Molten rock material found on the Earth’s surface is _______.

Which type igneous material cools fastest?

What is the process that helps form existing rock into metamorphic rock?

What is the process that helps form existing rock into sedimentary rock?

___________ rock may contain fossils.

___________ rock will have banded (ribbon Like) layers.

__________ rock that has cooled fast may look like glass.

Formed by heat and pressure while buried deep below Earth’s surface.

May have crystals.

Formed when lava or magma cools and hardens.

Formed when sediment is deposited, compacted, and cemented.

How do scientists know about the layers of the Earth?

A population can be described by:

The number of individuals with each trait in

a population ________________ over time.

Over many generations, individuals with _______________ become more common in

a population, while individuals with _________________ become less common.

The traits that __________________ in a population determine which traits can become more common over many generations.

Biologists analyze data about __________________________ (the causes) to explain changes in ______________________________ (the effects).

Instructions for making protein molecules

Protein molecules determine an

organism's _________________.

An organism's genetic information

An organism's observable physical traits

Mutations to genes can sometimes introduce _________________________ into a population.

Mutations can have _________________ effects on an organism.

A new trait will only become more common in a population if it is ____________________.

What is an adaptive trait?

Organisms better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms who aren’t adapted to the environment.

A human practice to select certain traits wanted in a certain species

Mistaken idea that animals whose traits changed in their lifetime could pass on those traits to their offspring.

An organism has to be perfectly adapted to its environment to survive.

Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

The variety of organisms that inhabit the Earth

Darwin observed that this type of tortoise ate plants closer to the ground.

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Weight

When something takes up space, it has

Matter exists as:

All matter is made up of _________________which have specific chemical and physical properties

The smallest unit of matter that has all of the chemical properties of an element

A group of 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

When a thing gets hotter, its molecules _____________________________________.

Atoms are the smallest units of matter and include:

The freezing point of water is:

The boiling point of water is:

Body temperature is:

Temperature is ___________________________________.

When a thing gets colder, its molecules _____________________________________.

Kinetic means

When two things are in contact, their molecules collide, and kinetic energy transfers from the ________________________________________________________.

Energy can be created or destroyed.

As energy transfers, it ______________________________________________________________.

The molecules of a system will transfer energy until the system reaches a stable state known as ____________________, in which all of the molecules are moving at about the same speed.

Heat (thermal energy) always transfers from __________________________.

There is a limit to how cold something can be. Scientists call this temperature __________________________.

________________ are useful because they make it easier to compare two sets of data.

Total kinetic energy is the same as

Average kinetic energy is the same as

To calculate the total kinetic energy, you:

To calculate the average kinetic energy, you:

What is the thermal energy (total kinetic energy) of this sample?

What is the temperature (average kinetic energy) of this sample?

Colder things can have more total kinetic energy (thermal energy) than warmer things if they are made up of _____________molecules.

For things at the same temperature, the thing with more molecules has more __________________________ than the thing with fewer molecules.

At equilibrium, the average kinetic energy (temperature) of the molecules in the system is the total kinetic energy (thermal energy) _______________________________ the number of molecules in the system.

When a thing gains or loses energy, the energy gained or lost is divided among _________________ the molecules of the thing.

The greater the __________________________________________ something has, the more energy it has to transfer to other parts of a system.

The total energy of a system ______________ change.

Earth's outer layer is called the _______________.

Earth is covered with ______________________.

The crust is broken up into pieces called

Geologists look for _____________ in landforms and in geologic events in order to better understand

Earth.

The plates of Earth’s outer layer

________________.

The Mesosaurus fossils are found in hard, solid rock on

two different plates of Earth’s surface:

This picture shows two plates ____________.

This picture shows two plates ____________.

This picture shows two plates ____________.

A diagram that shows what the inside of something looks like

Something we observe to be similar over and over again

A sudden shaking of Earth’s surface

Which is true?

Which picture shows what the cross section of Earth looks like between South America and Africa?

Rocks can be:

Earth's mantle is _________________.

Earth’s plates __________ on top of a soft, solid layer of rock called the mantle.

Scientists use _______________________ to gather evidence about plate boundaries on the ocean floor.

At _______________________, one plate sinks into the mantle.

At ________________________, mantle material fills the gap between the plates.

At _________________________, rock rises from the mantle and hardens, adding new solid rock to the edges of both plates.

At ___________________________, one plate moves underneath the other plate and sinks into the mantle.

___________________ of evidence can be used to draw a conclusion or to make a convincing argument.

Scientists _______________ data in order to come to conclusions.

Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that the plate boundary between the South American Plate and African Plate

is _________________.

Plates move away from each other at:

Plates move toward each other at:

Mantle material is added to the edges of both plates at:

One plate sinks into the mantle and is destroyed at:

Mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes are commonly found at:

Trenches and volcanoes are commonly found at:

Earthquakes occur at:

There is volcanic activity at:

The South American and African Plates __________________________________________ formed

between them and an ocean basin formed and spread.

It takes ________________ for Earth’s plates to

travel great distances.

The Mesosaurus fossils moved apart ______________ over _______________________ of years.

Which rock layer is the oldest?

Which fossil is the youngest?

The ____________________ and the ______________ that appeared on them tell us that they may have once been connected.

The edges of the continents ____________________.

Similar _________________________________ are found on different continents which suggests that they were all once connected

Dr. James and her team of geologists have been studying GPS data that shows that two plates moved apart. Which diagram shows what happened between the two plates as they moved away from each other?

Fossil remains of Glossopteris (an extinct plant) have been discovered in Antarctica and Australia. The Glossopteris seed is known to be large and bulky and therefore could not have drifted or flown across the oceans to separate continents. However, now there are oceans between the Glossopteris fossils. What could explain how these fossils got so far apart?

Scientists often study cross sections to better understand what the inside of something looks like. If we took a cross section of a potted plant by cutting it vertically, what would the cross section look like?

Dr. Morris and her team have been using GPS to track two plates that are moving toward each other. Which diagram shows what is happening at the place where the plates are moving toward each other?

Earthquakes make plates move apart.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are often found:

Patterns on this map tell us that . . .

In the past, Africa used to be farther away from Europe than it is now (shown above). What could explain why Africa is closer to Europe now than it was before?

Which statement best describes what Earth’s outer layer is like underneath the surface in the image?

Who is the person credited with developing the theory of continental drift?

Energy that moves from one object or substance to another, because of temperature differences

Energy that is generated by a source and measured by heat

Energy transmitted in waves or a stream of particles

Heat transfers when objects are not touching during _____________.

Heat transfer through direct contact

The movement of heat or electricity through matter

Heat always moves from ____________________________.

Which of the following are good conductors?

Which of the following are good insulators?

The transfer of thermal energy through a gas or a liquid

The thermal energy transfer that happens when there are differences in density in a substance.

Hot gas/liquid is ________________________.

Cold gas/liquid is _________________.

Hot gas/liquid ________________________.

Cold gas/liquid ________________________.

Feeling the heat from a hot poker in a fireplace is

Macaroni rising and falling in a pot of boiling water is

Laying out in the sun at a beach is

Candice dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Jonathan, who was standing below the balcony. The gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and the Earth _______________ as the balloon fell toward Jonathan

Monica's backpack, holding all of her school books, was on the floor of a library. She carefully lifted her heavy backpack onto the edge of a table. Then, she slid her backpack to the middle of the table so it would not fall to the floor.

When was the least gravitational potential energy stored between the backpack and Earth? Assume that the backpack's mass did not change.

A squirrel was sitting on a short tree stump and cleaning its paws. The squirrel got scared when some people walked by, so it ran down the stump. After reaching the ground, the squirrel scurried across a flat field toward a tall oak tree. The squirrel then ran up to the highest branch in the oak tree and rested there. When was the most gravitational potential energy stored between the squirrel and Earth? Assume that the squirrel's mass did not change.

A roller coaster train slowly moved away from its station

and over the top of a tall hill.

As the train began to rush down the hill, the riders felt like

they were rising out of their seats! The train sped up until

the track flattened out at the bottom of the hill.

At the bottom, the riders felt like they were being pushed

down into their seats.

Consider the following claim:

As the train rushed down the hill, gravitational potential energy was converted into kinetic energy.

Which piece of evidence best supports the claim?

At an amusement park, a group of riders boarded a roller

coaster train and sat down.

Once everyone was safely in their seats, the ride operator

flipped a switch, and electricity flowed to a motor below the track. The motor pulled the train forward and out of the

station. Which of the following is better evidence that the train's kinetic energy changed?

Ellen was training for a bike race. One afternoon, she

grabbed her helmet and took her bike out to the street. She got on the bike and started to pedal, pushing hard to start

moving forward.

When Ellen started riding,  ______________was converted into __________________ .

Which of the following statements about energy transformations are true? Select all that apply.