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Worksheets1st Practice Test-CLEP Human Growth & Development
Total questions: 92
Worksheet time: 46mins
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes nature in the "nature-versus-nurture" controversy?
behavioral theory
social learning theory
social-cognitive theory
psychodynamic theory
sociocultural
Which theorist would be most likely to expect cultural differences in development?
Vygotsky
Piaget
Freud
Skinner
Bowlby
To determine whether boys and girls play differently, a researcher video-taped children at play during school recess. This is an example of a
field experiment
naturalistic observation
cross-sectional study
survey
clinical interview
The average child begins to walk between
4-5 months
7-8 months
11-12 months
13-14 montha
According to Piaget, adaptation is made up of two processes called
equilibration and accomodation
accomodation and fixation
equilibration and assimilation
accommodation and assimilation
The fact that parents will provide less directly to a child who begins to show competence on a task, supports the theory of
Bronfenbrenner
Freud
Piaget
Vygotsky
Bandura
According to the information-processing approach, children's memories improve with age mainly because
they get better at organizing information
they develop additional memory storage systems
Their perceptual abilities improve
they are more interested in remembering information
parents expect older children to remember information better
Jane digs a hole in the sandbox while Jim, who is sitting next to her, fills his bucket with sand. They are the shovels in the sandbox and talk about school. They are engaged in
cooperative play
parallel play
mature play
nonsocial play
associative play
Which of the following research methods is most often used to study rare or unique situations or behavior?
survey
case study
cross-sequential
correlational
psychosocial
Which of the following theories describes stages of development?
collectivist
continuity
discontinuity
nature
nurture
Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?
Sara pushes Joy out of the way so she can get a toy she wants to play with first
Sara tells Emma not to play with Joy because she bites.
Sara is mad at her brother. She hits her doll rather than him.
Sara yells at Emma because she knocked down her block tower.
Sara can't get the wrapper off a candy bar, so she throws it across the room.
According to statistics, which group commits most of the child abuse in our country?
siblings
day car workers
foster parents
parents
stepparents
Which theoretical perspective assumes there is a bidirectional relationship between the person and the environment?
Behavioral
Learning
Biological
Sociocultural
Humanistic
A problem with longitudinal research is
confounding age difference with birth cohort differences
a lack of control over extaneous variables
subject dropout
subject bias
researcher bias
Students who have developed a mastery orientation would attribute a good grade on a test to their ability, and a bad grade on a test to
the teacher
their ability
bad luck
lack of effort
test bias
According to research, which of the following has shown a correlation with age, but is occasionally found it in younger adults?
Insight
Metacognition
The executive process
Collectivism
Wisdom
Adolescent cliques and crowds differ in what ways?
Cliques are known by reputation; crowds are known by size.
Crowds are large and usually same-sex; cliques are small and co-ed
Cliques are small and usually same-sex, whle crods are larger and co-ed.
Cliques are loosely organized; crowds enforce rigid rules.
Crowds are often rule-breakers, whild cliques tend to be compliant with authority.
Which of the following indicates the presence of empathy?
Mollie starts to cry whenever she sees someone else cry.
Mollie sees Jake cring and gives him a toy to help him stop crying.
Mollie laughs when she sees something funny on televison.
Mollie tells her Daddy when she doesn't feel well.
Mollie goes to her room to cry so noe sees her crying.
Among the parenting styles that have been studied by Baumrind, which of the following is associated with the most negative impact on development?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Strict
Uninvolved
Which of the following statements about physical growth is true?
Physical growth is rapid during infancy, slows during early and middle childhood, and then is rapid again during adolescence.
Physical growth is rapid from infancy to its completion in middle childhood.
Physical growth is rapid during infancy and then is slow from early childhood through adolescence.
Phsical growth is a steady process from infancy throgh childhood.
Physical growth mostly comes in "growht spurts" at unpredictable times.
Research on the growth hormone (GH) has shown that
children with normal thyroid funtion will grow to be taller than their genotype with injections of GH
children who do not have GH are likely to be intellectually disabled
children given early treatments of GH develop normally
children given GH treatments later can still catch up to their peers
vitamin C can simulate GH producion in the body
researchers have studied the impact of late versus early maturation on adolescent adjustment. Which of the pairs below has been shown to have the best adjustment outcomes?
Early maturing boys and early maturing girls
Early maturing boys and late maturing girls
Late maturing boys and early maturing girls
Late maturing boys and late maturing girls
Adolescent adjustment is in fact NOT related to the timing of maturation.
One theory of biological aging suggest aging is inevitable and is caused by
carcinogens
teratogens
wear and tear from normal use
arteriosclerosis
genetic mutations
An effective treatment for the side effects of menopause is
antipsychotic medication
psychotropic medication
estrogen replacement therapy
testosterone replacement therapy
hysterectomy
Compared to women, the male climacteric is
a faster decline
a slower decline
unaffected by sex hormone levels in the body
associated wth increased risk of heart disease
more uncommon
Osteoporosis is
a disease of the pancreas
a circulatory disease
a bone disease
a normal product of bilogical aging
an arterial disease caused by plaque buildup in the artieries
Janet's mother is terminally ill and the doctors have said her death is imminent. A hospital social worker has suggested to Janet that she contact the hospice program. The social worker most likely will tell Janet that hospice
would immediately stop her mother's pain medication
would persuade the doctors to keep her mother in the hospital where she can get the best medical care
would do everything possible to give her mother a pain-free death
would help Janet make the difficult eutanasia decision
would be at the hospital to establish brain death
Gibson's visual cliff experiment showed that
depth perception is innate
depth perception is learned
six-month-olds did not crawl across the visual cliff
six-month-old did not crawl across the visual cliff
six-month-olds have an inborn fear response
Visual scanning experiments with infants suggest which pattern of looking?
Newborns actively scan a stimulus if it is black and white but not colore, but the opposite is true in older infants.
Newborns wil actively scan a stimulus if it is colored but not clack and white, but the opposite is true of older infants.
Newborns scan the edges of a stimulus, and older infants scan the center or inside of a stimulus.
Newborns do not have preferncesfor what they look at, but older infants do.
Newbornsscan a simulus quidly, older infants scan a stimulus more slowly.
When you see a German Shepherd 100 yards away from you in a park, you don't think it is a miniature dog because of
Gestalt perception
shape constancy
lightness constancy
color constancy
size constancy
Which of the following is the LEAST developed in newborns?
taste
touch
vision
audition
smell
One reason older adults experience declining eyesigt is
decreased flexibility of the lens
a decrease in the size of the retina
a deccrease in the fibers of the optic nerve
increased pupil diameter
decreased flid in the eyeball
The type of hearing loss associated with aging is loss of sensitivity for
the human voice
low-frequency sounds
high-frequency sounds
rhythmic sounds
tympanic sounds
When young infants look away from a familiar object and turn to a novel one, what cognitive process is being exhibited?
Executive function
Short-term memory
Metacognition
Habituation
Rehearsal
Which of the following statements represents the learning approach to language development?
Children learn language through imitating the speech of others, who in trun reinforce and correct children's attempts.
Children learn language through a gradual imprinting of the grammatical rules of the language.
Children learn language by formulating and testing hyptheses about the meaning of words and the rules of their combination.
Children learn language to fulfill their unconscious desire to communicate with others.
Children learn language to increase their chances fo survival
The social smile first appears in infants
between 10 and 12 hours after birth
between 1 and 4 weeks of age
between 6 and 10 weeks of age
between 6 and 8 months of age
between 10 and 12 months of age
Recent survey research has shown the period after launching the last child from the home to be a time of
depression and sadness for parents
renewal and growth for parents
depression and sadness for mothers but not fathers
decreased activity
lowered marital satisfaction
When asked what career he wanted to pursue, Julio said: "I am going to be a doctor just like my mother and father. I have always wanted to be a doctor. I can remember pretending to be a doctor when I was just a little kid." Julios answer illustrates
moratorium
identity diffusion
identity confusion
identity foreclosure
identity achievement
A key indicator that a child has a learning disability is
hyperactivity
impulsivity
a discrepancy between ability and performance
a low score on an intelligence test
eidetic memory
Johnny (age 8) is disobedient, loud, and aggressive in the classroom and at home. He recently threatened to hit his teacher. Johnny would most likely be diagnosed with
conduct disorder
delinquent disorder
hyperactivity-impulsivity disorder
hyperactivity-inattentive disorder
bipolar depression
The best way to help profoundly deaf children communicate with the world is to
homeschool them
give them speech therapy
teach the sign language
teach them to lip read
teach them sign language and how to lip read
Which of the following is a genetic disorder that can be controlled with diet?
Encephaly
Hemophilia
Turner's syndrome
PKU
phenotype
Males have a higher risk of sex-linked genetic diseases like hemophilia than females do because
they have more genes than females
they have fewer genes than females
the male sex hormone provides less imunity to disorders than the female sex hormone
their Y chromosome cannot mask the effect of a trait fo rthe disease on their X chromosome
they have only one sex chromosome
The psychosocial crisis of young adulthood in Erikson's model is
generativity versus stagnation
intimacy versus isolation
integrity versus despair
autonomy versus doubt
initiative versus guilt
In Freud's theory, the resolution of a young boy's Oedipal conflict is achieved through
identifying with mother
identifying with father
repressing aggressive tendencies
rejection of father as the love object
embracing one's feminine tendencies
The most important personality achievement of adolescence, according to Erikson, is
identity
generativity
integrity
personal space
intimacy
A child who laughs when Daddy dresses up as a woman for Halloween, but knows Daddy is still a boy, shows
a gender schema
gender infallibility
gender holism
gender constancy
gender flexibility
The use of a parenting technique called "induction" can help promote the development of a conscience. Which of the following is an example of induction?
"If you don't put your toys away, I will throw them out."
"If you put your toys away, you can have dessert."
"Putting your toys away is a sign that your are grown up."
"If you put your toys awa, I will talk to you."
"If you don't put your toys away, someone may trip on them, fall, and get hurt."
Children display learned helplessness if their parents
use phsical punishment
always encourage them to do their best
set high standards of achievement for them, but also communicate the belief that the child is not very capable
compare them unfavorably to their peers
never let them quit even when a task becomes very difficult
Researchers examining cultural influences on self-esteem have found that Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than American children, most likely because
self-esteem is not encouraged in those two cultures
Chinese and Japanese languages and syntax are very different from English.
Chinese and Japanese parents tend to use permissive methods.
the U.S. includes several cultures, wile China and Japan have little diveresity.
American parents ten to use authoritarian methods.
One way to help children adjust to divorce is to
mnimize the conflict between parents after the divorce
lengthen the time of separation before divorce
minimize their contact with the non-custodial parent
have each parent decide how to discipline the child his and her own way
be sure the amount of contact with each parent is equal
A sexual offender is more likely to target
an early maturing child
a late maturing child
a child who is emotionally needy and socially isolated
an outgoing, extroverted child
a popular child
although the rate of divorce is high, the rate of remarriage is also high. This leads to a large number of reconstituted families referred to as
hypercomplex families
blended families
cohabitating famiies
custodial families
extended families
Compared with children who have siblings, only-children
have lower self-esteem
are less well-accepted by their peers
are less dependent on parents
do better academically
experience more parent-child conflict
Sibling rivalry tends to be worse during
toddlerhood
early childhood
middle childhood
early adolescence
late adolescence
Studies of intelligence in adulthood have shown
while there is some decline in information processing there is some stability in fluid and crystallized intelligence
no intellectual decline, even in the very old
no relationship etween health and intelligence test performance
no relationship between speed of information processing and age
a steay increase in both crystallized and fluid intelligence into late adulthood
An indication that we are born prepared to acquire a language is the fact that
infants can discriminate among all of the speech sounds used in all of the world's languages even better than adults
children can produce complex sentences by the age of 2 years
newborns do not habituate to speech sounds
mothers all talk in a special way called 'motherese"
we can easily acquire a ew language at any age
The first stage of language development is
cooing
babbling
first words
expressive speech
receptive speech
Noam Chomsky argued that the ability to learn language
is innate
(born with the ability to do it)
shows wid individual variation
is positively correclated with intelligence
is positively correlated with creativity
differes between males and females
Billy sees a beach ball and says "ball." He sees a basketball and says "ball." He sees a soccer ball and says "ball." finally he sees a globe on a desk and says "ball." Calling the globe a ball is referred to as
categorization
classification
accommodation
overregularization
overextension
Which of the following is an example of overregularization in language development?
"I and Mommy went to the store."
"Mommy went to the store with me."
"Mommy went to the store with I"
"We, Mommy and I went to the store."
"Mommy and I goed to the store."
Research suggests it is important to plan for one's retirement because
it goes by so quickly
it will reduce the financial costs
engaging in meaningful activities during retirement is associated with happiness
you might decide to keep working instead of retiring
keeping active prevents normal aging declines from occurring
The ego, in contrast to the id,
mediates between wish-fulfilling desires and the outer reality
is composed of only wish-fulfilling desires
mediates between reality and internal rules
cannot mediate with the superego
is innate, not learned
Freud believed that primary driving force in an individual's life was
the superego
psychosexual development
libido
bodily functions
domination
Which approach to psychology stresses the importance of the person's environment on development?
psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behaviorist
Cognitive
Biological
Suppose you believe that people are capable of developing personally throughout life and that, given the opportunity, they will achieve their full potential. Which approach to personality does this describe?
Humanistic
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Behavioristic
Social learning
Ivan P. Pavlov is famous for his research on
teaching machines
perceptual learning
forward conditioning
classical conditioning
backward conditioning
The role of imitation in social learning was first systematically observed by
I. Pavlov
A. Bandura
S. Milgram
B.F. Skinner
J.B. Watson
Correlational studies
indicate causality
are more valid than laboratory studies
involve manipulations of independent variables
indicate a relationship between two variables
have no predictive validity
Which of the following effects does adrenaline have on the human body?
Constriction of the pupils
Increased rate of digestion
Accelerated hearbeat
Decreased hormone production
Increased hormone production
According to Piaget, a person who cannot consistently use abstract logic has NOT reached the stage of
concrete operations
preoperational development
formal operations
initiative vs. guilt
extrovert bs introvert
Suppose you teach preschool and you break Jose's candy bar into three pieces and Mike's candy bar into two pieces. Mike complains that he receives less than Jose. What does Mike lack?
Conservation
Constancy
Object permanence
Egocetrism
Accommodation
Short-term memory can hold how many items at one time?
Seven items, plus or minus two
Ten items, plus or minus two
Ten items, plus or minus five
Five items
It has unlimited capacity
Which of the following problems would require divergent thinking?
Adding a column of numbers
Deciding whether to trun left or right at an intersection while driving a car
choosing the best move in a card game
restoring an old typewriter
The language Acquisition Device was proposed by
Piaget
Bruner
Kohler
Chomsky
Mednick
In linguistic terminology, the term "boy" is
a morpheme
a phoneme
a sterotype
a prosody
an example of syntax
A "normal" average IQ score is
85
100
115
110
140
Which of the following does NOT describe a true relationship between environmental factors and IQ?
Level of parent education predicts IQ
Socioeconomic status predicts IQ
Score on the HOME scale predicts IQ
Parents' occupational status predicts IQ
Intensity of separation anxiety predicts IQ
Shortly after birth, a duck will follow the first object that walks by it. This illustrates
conditioned responses
conditioned stimulus
sign stimuli
imprinting
shaping
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the degree to which two people like each other?
Familiarity
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
Conformity
Proximty
Which of the following increases as a person's fear increases?
Cognitive processing
Need for social affiliation
Resilience
Depression
Need for Validation
According to social learning theory, one of the primary means of socializing our children is
taming their instincts
developing their superegos
helping them self-actualize
observational learning
providing minimum discipline
According to Freud, a developmental halt due to frustration and anxiety is referred to as
depression
fixation
regression
neurosis
learned helplessness
A stimulus that elicits a response before any experimental manipulation is
a response stimulus (RS)
an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a generalized stimulus (GS)
a conditioned stimulus (CS)
a specific stiulus (SS)
In our society, money is an example of a
primary reinforcer
secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
socio-reinforcer
negative reinforcer
simple operant
the reinforcement schedule that produces the highest rates of performance is a
fixed-interval schedule
variable-punishment schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
constant reinforcement
Mary is a bright student, but she is constantly disrupting the class by trying to draw the teacher into a power struggle for control. The school psychologist right advises he teacher to do all of the following EXCEPT
not show Mary the anxiety she is causing
ignore Mary's disruptive behavior
verbally embarrass Mary until she is more cooperative
suggest talk to Mary's parents
reinforce Mary when she engages in more productive behavior
The major affective disorders are characterized by
extreme and inappropriate emotional responses
severe behavior problems
distrubed speech
hyperactivity
delusions
Piaget's cognitive development stage is that the individual learns by absorbing information through their senses: by touching, looking, and listening.
The Sensorimotor Stage: Birth To Age 2
The Preoperational Stage: Age 2 To 7
The Concrete Operational Stage: Age 7 To 11
The Formal Operational Stage: Age 11 And Beyond
The Piaget's cognitive developmental stage where young children are able to think about things symbolically where they continue to grow through dramatic play. Imaginative play, or the art of make-believe, is an indicative sign of this age and stage.
The Preoperational Stage: Age 2 To 7
The Sensorimotor Stage: Birth To Age 2
Concrete Operational Thinking, from ages 7 to 11
Formal Operational thinking, from age 11 up
In which stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory do children master the use of logic in concrete ways? The word concrete refers to that which is tangible; that which can be seen, touched, or experienced directly.
Sensorimotor Intelligence, from birth to age 2.
Preoperational Thinking, from ages 2 to 7.
Concrete Operational Thinking, from ages 7 to 11.
Formal Operational Thinking, from age 11 up.
In which of Piaget's cognitive developmental theories stages are individuals able to reason about more abstract ideas?
Sensorimotor Intelligence, from birth to age 2.
.
Preoperational Thinking, from ages 2 to 7.
Concrete Operational Thinking, from ages 7 to 11.
Formal Operational Thinking, from age 11 up.
