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Worksheetspsychology final exam chapters 8,9 and 12
Total questions: 83
Worksheet time: 7hrs 55mins
In Erikson's _______ stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior.
trust versus mistrust
autonomy versus shame and doubt
initiative versus guilt
industry versus inferiority
Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for ________.
attention
affiliation
physical activity
achievement
Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error?
We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations.
We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions.
We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.
We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others.
Which of the following individuals would be the LEAST likely to help?
Carrie, who sees Carl's car is on fire
Leah, who while walking alone sees a young boy caught in a sewer drain pipe
Susanna, who is in a bad mood and sees a car flip over on a crowded intersection
Jessica, who is a nurse and sees a man having a heart attack in his car in a deserted parking lot
What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers?
bystander effect
sole-witness effect
subtle aggressive effect
antisocial behavior effect
Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.Prejudice is a(n) _________,
dislike; hatred
hatred; dislike
behavior; attitude
attitude; behavior
In what way is compliance different from conformity?
Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.
Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands.
Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.
A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique.
lowball
foot-in-the-door
primacy
bait-and-switch
What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?
risky shift
foot-in-the-door effect
door-in-the-face effect
phenomenon
Attributions are ________.
explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others.
innate personality traits
genetic predispositions to behave a certain way
physical qualities people have, such as attractiveness
A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.
bystander apathy
an attitude
groupthink
conformity
Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance?
"I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems."
"No one I know who smokes is sick."
"I know these cigarettes are killing me, but I just can't stop."
"That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful."
Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________.
a consensus
impressions
an attitude
a stereotype
What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?
impression formation
social interaction
stereotyping
interpersonal judgment
An instinct is a tendency that is ________.
learned
conditioned
biologically determined
easily controlled
Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as ________ in arousal theory.
a sensation seeker
foolhardy
a person high in nPow
a person high in nAff
According to the self-determination theory of Ryan and Deci, the need of _______ is the need to feel a sense of belonging and connection in relationships with others.
Janus and Janus
Hite and Rose
Hilton and Paris
Erickson and Schlomo
The concept of "comfort food" suggests that eating ________.
may be influenced by social factors
has some inherited quality that relaxes us
may release hormones and neurotransmitters that are comforting
is reflexive
According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________.
personality factors
genetics
geography
luck
The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called ________.
motivation
emotion
achevement
synergy
Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________.
for external reward
for its own sake
to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation
in order to increase one's competence and skills
Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
Barbara knows that, as a teacher, she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, make more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive.
Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?
nonsympathetic division of the nervous system
sympathetic division of the nervous system
parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system
central nervous system
Things that attract or lure people to action are ________.
incentives
intstincts
stimuli
bait
Sam is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time, but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers, as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Sam is likely to be ________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day.
intrinsically
extrinsically
superiorly
withinsically
According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ________.
safety
self-esteem
belongingness
self-actualization
In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) ________ level of tension.
ultimate
lower
optimal
high
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called ________.
stability
equilibrium
homeostasis
physiological balance
Homeostasis is most like which of the following?
a car
a thermometer
a cooler
a thermostat
Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?
Most of the volunteers were homosexual.
The sample was not broad enough to cover all types of people.
Kinsey focused more on unusual types of sexual activity.
Because his research was often self-reported in nature, exaggeration and falsification occurred.
Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary's behavior exhibits _______.
a sense of idealism
imaginary audience
personal fable
puberty
Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey them without question, or there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would describe Germain's parenting style as _______.
authoritarian
authoritative
ironclad
indulgent
At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?
preoperational
preconventional
postconventional
conventional role conformity
The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called _______.
temperament
attachment
trust
habituation
Amy is 30 years old and she has difficulty forming meaningful relationships with others. According to Erikson, she is most likely in the _______ stage.
intimacy vs. isolation
identity vs. role confusion
basic trust vs. mistrust
integrity vs. despair
A person's sense of being a boy or girl, or man or woman, is their gender ________.
stereotype
development
role
identity
Genetics is defined as _______.
the branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction, rather than with structures
the science of heredity
the study of behavior and mental processes
the study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death
________ is a biological phenomenon, while ________ is a psychological phenomenon.
Sex; gender
Gender role; gender stereotype
Gender; sex
Sex; sex role
A(n) _______ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
compound
gene
chromosome
amine
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called ________.
abnormal psychology
gerontology
human development
maturational studies
The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called _______.
menopause
andropause
male menopause
change of life
Saul believes in the rules and thinks that people should conform to the rules and laws of society. Most likely, he is in which level of moral development?
convergent
postconventional
conventional
preconventional
Which of the following describes the fetal period?
the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
the period during which the umbilical cord develops
the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional
Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?
touch
taste
smell
vision
Ethan, a three-year-old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into twelve rather than eight pieces because he is "really hungry." On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan _______.
understands object permanence
does not understand object permanence
understands conservation
does not understand conservation
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?
Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
It is relatively inexpensive.
It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
_______ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.
Monozygotic twins
Fraternal twins
Dizygotic twins
Wombmates
Monozygotic twins _______.
are genetically identical
are genetically different
will be of different sexes
are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs
A special molecule, _______, contains the genetic material of the organism.
DNA
a gene
a chromosome
an amine
_______ babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed reactions upon mother's return.
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Disorganized/disoriented
A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _______ gene.
recessive
mutated
recombinant
dominant
Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants _______.
did not seem to care when the mother left the room and did not seek her out on her return
protested loudly when the mother left, but resisted contact with her when she returned
got upset if the mother left the room, and were easily soothed and welcomed her back when she returned
were not concerned upon separation, but cried to be picked up and held on her return
In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the _______ stage.
concrete operations
sensorimotor
preoperational
formal operations
The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called _______.
the climacteric
perimenopause
menopause
andropause
Juan and Carlos are identical twins who were accidentally separated at birth, and then reunited when they were 15. Juan is very intelligent but does poorly in school because he isn't too motivated. Carlos is also intelligent but makes straight A's because of his parent's influence on his study habits. What do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance?
nurture
nature
school district superintendent
teacher appraisals of performance
Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of _______.
identity
intimacy
generativity
autonomy
The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is _______.
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression
anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
_______ refers to heredity and _______ refers to environmental influences.
Nature; nurture
Cognition; emotion
Nurture; behavioral genetics
Cross-sectional; longitudinal
Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of _______.
integrity versus despair
intimacy versus isolation
generativity versus stagnation
identity versus identity confusion
Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is _______.
conservation
object permanence
centration
egocentrism
Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of _______.
intimacy versus isolation
identity versus role diffusion
integrity versus despair
generativity versus stagnation
Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel, he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Todd's writings most clearly reflect _______.
his sense of autonomy
the personal fable
the period of rebellion common to all adolescents
his developing sense of conscience
A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the _______ method.
cohort design
longitudinal design
behavior genetics design
cross-sectional design
identity versus role confusion
homosexual
heterosexual
gender roles
gender typing
Most young adolescents, especially those who receive a formal high school education, are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as _______.
formal operations
preoperational
preconventional
identity versus role confusion
According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the result may be the development of a sense of _______.
stagnation
inferiority
shame and doubt
role confusion
The period of life from about age 13 to 19 years, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called _______.
adolescence
tweens
young adulthood
puberty
Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect?
teratogen
critical period
carcinogen
biohazard
________ love is often considered the ideal form of love, as it contains elements of intimacy, passion, and commitment all at the same time.
seductive
empty
consummate
companionate
What is a difference between obedience and conformity?
In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not.
Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request.
In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.
The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________.
selecting paint colors
judging line sizes
rating new fashions
taste-testing new candies
"I adore the girl next door." This phrase refers to what rule of attraction?
saturation effect
proximity
birds-of-a-feather effect
foot-in-the-door effect
"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to __________.
similarity
reinforcement
self-disclosure
emotional expression
In Zimbardo's prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that _______________.
the guards became more aggressive
all of the guards decided to quit the experiment
the guards tried to be "tough but fair"
the experimenters had everyone switch roles
The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique.
lowball
door-in-the-face
foot-in-the-door
bait-and-switch
When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call ________.
geoupthink
mass thought
consumerism
solidarity think
In March of 1964, Kitty Genovese was the victim of a brutal assault that led to her death in the entryway of her apartment complex. Police reports indicate that out of the 38 people who observed the attack happening, ________ called 911 to request assistance during the fatal attack.
0
10
19
24
A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of _____ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____.
discrimination; prejudice
stereotyping; attribution
attribution; stereotyping
prejudice; discrimination
Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______.
cognition
mental processes
other people around us
psychology
Your son asks you, "Can we please buy a new PlayStation®4 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with, "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®3?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted.
door-in-the-face
foot-in-the-door
that's-not-all
lowball
Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group?
stereotype
expectation
classification
categorization
Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Alex?
He made a situational attribution.
He made a dispositional attribution.
His remark is based on a stereotype.
His remark is considered a collectivistic remark.
His remark is considered a collectivistic remark.
Individuals easily conform to group norms.
The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.
