How are messages transmitted from one neuron to another?

(a)  

postsynaptic cells...

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a single synapse generates EPSPs that add up to a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential

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EPSPs from several different synapses add up to a threshold at axon hillock

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a gap region of close proximity between two neurons.

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excitatory. glutamate and aspartate. Na+ enters

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glycine and GABA are inhibitory, Cl- enters

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signal cessation

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What is the orange?

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What is the yellow?

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What is the pink figure?

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What is in green?

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Grey matter lies...

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White matter...

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sulcus, gyrus

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meninges in order, superficial to deep

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CNI

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CNII

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CNX

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produces finely detailed images

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scalloped anterior margin of retina

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this area contains no receptor cells

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loose CT surrounding an individual nerve fiber

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collection of nerves at the end of the spinal cord

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sheath of CT surrounding a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve

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surrounds the Pia mater

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cell bodies of primary afferent neurons from the trunk and limbs

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C-shaped bundles of nerve fibers in brain that acts as major output tract of hippocampus...

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allow communication b/w left and right cerebral hemispheres

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allow communication between superior and inferior spinal cord centers

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deep layer of dura mater...

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splitting of optic nerve fibers, contralateral

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day/color vision, photopsins

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night/ monochromatic vision. visual pigment, rhodopsin

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middle ear has (a)   bones

referred pain

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discomfort, somatic and emotional. caused by tissue injury or harmful stimulation, and typically leading to evasive action

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pain receptors

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mechanoreceptors that sense body position, muscle tension, joint motion involved in reflex actions which maintain posture and equilibrium

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specialized structures to detect stimuli and convert stimuli into nerve signals

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sympathetic neurotransmitter

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parasympathetic neurotransmitter

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major control center of the ANS

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exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle of autonomic nerves are severed

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normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the 2 systems but will shift according to the body's changing needs

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a specific area of skin that conveys sensory input to a pair of spinal nerves

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this sensory neuron detects stimulus from skin, joints, bones, muscles, and transmits this signal to the spinal cord through the posterior root

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these sensory neurons continue to the thalamus = gateway to the cerebral cortex at the upper end of the brain stem

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these sensory neurons carry the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex (primary somatosensory cortex, postcentral gyrus, and association areas)

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section of spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal nerves

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provides motor innervation to the diaphragm and works in conjunction with secondary respiratory muscles for respiration

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5 sets of interwoven nerves that innervate skin and skeletal muscle

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central core of spinal cord that looks like a butterfly

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spinal cord tapers to this point inferior to the lumbar enlargement

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hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyres

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gray matter which integrates motor commands, produces appropriate movement

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spoken language. general motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips

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