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WorksheetsAp Biology Unit #6 (Gene Expression)
Total questions: 144
Worksheet time: 2hrs 50mins
What does transformation involve in bacteria?
the infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule
assimilation of external DNA into a cell
Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism.
Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?
12%
24%
31%
38%
Why does the DNA double helix have a uniform diameter?
Purines pair with pyrimidines.
Deoxyribose sugars bind with ribose sugars.
What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?
hydrogen
ionic
covalent
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found?
A = G and C = T
A + C = G + T
Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of these reasons?
Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many.
Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, but eukaryotes do not.
What is meant by the description ʺantiparallelʺ regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The 5ʹ to 3ʹ direction of one strand runs counter to the 5ʹ to 3ʹ direction of the other strand.
One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5ʹ → 3ʹ direction?
primase
DNA ligase
DNA Polymerase
helicase
What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?
the nucleotide sequence of the template strand
the primase used in the reaction
You briefly expose bacteria undergoing DNA replication to radioactively labeled nucleotides. When you centrifuge the DNA isolated from the bacteria, the DNA separates into two classes. One class of labeled DNA includes very large molecules (thousands or even millions of nucleotides long), and the other includes short stretches of DNA (several hundred to a few thousand nucleotides in length). These two classes of DNA probably represent
leading strands and Okazaki fragments
lagging strands and Okazaki fragments.
Which of the following separates the DNA strands during replication?
helicase
DNA polymerase
primase
Which of the following covalently connects segments of DNA?
helicase
DNA polymerase
ligase
Which of the following synthesizes short segments of RNA?
helicase
DNA polymerase
primase
The leading and the lagging strands differ in that
the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction.
the leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3ʹ end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5ʹ end.
A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5ʹ to 3ʹ direction because
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3ʹ end
Okazaki fragments prevent elongation in the 3ʹ to 5ʹ direction.
Which would you expect of a eukaryotic cell lacking telomerase?
a reduction in chromosome length
production of Okazaki fragments
When DNA is compacted by histones into 10 nm and 30 nm fibers, the DNA is unable to interact with proteins required for gene expression. Therefore, to allow for these proteins to act, the chromatin must constantly alter its structure. Which processes contribute to this dynamic activity?
methylation and phosphorylation of histone tails
nucleotide excision and reconstruction
Based your answer on the figure: A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?
an accumulation of A and no production of B and C
an accumulation of A and B and no production of C
The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume all of the following except
a gene from an organism could theoretically be expressed by any other organism.
all organisms have a common ancestor.
DNA was the first genetic material.
the same codons in different organisms usually translate into the same amino acids.
In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?
RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis.
RNA polymerase binds to single-stranded DNA, and DNA polymerase binds to double-stranded DNA.
RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?
3ʹ → 5ʹ along the template strand
3ʹ → 5ʹ along the coding (sense) strand
What are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?
introns
exons
Introns are significant to biological evolution because
their presence allows exons to be shuffled.
they protect the mRNA from degeneration.
A mutation in which of the following parts of a gene is likely to be most damaging to a cell?
intron
exon
Alternative RNA splicing
is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription.
can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
TTT
UUU
When does translation begin in prokaryotic cells?
as soon as transcription has begun
once the pre-mRNA has been converted to mRNA
Why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of proteinʹs activity?
It might substitute an amino acid in the active site.
It might exchange one stop codon for another stop codon.
A frameshift mutation could result from
a base insertion only.
either an insertion or a deletion of a base.
a base deletion only.
What does the operon model attempt to explain?
the coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria
the mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell
The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is
turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium
turned on only when glucose is present in the growth medium.
When this is taken up by the cell, it binds to the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator:
inducer
repressor
Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon
occurs continuously in the cell.
starts when the pathwayʹs substrate is present.
Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely serve the organismʹs survival in which of the following ways?
allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions
organizing gene expression so that genes are expressed in a given order
allowing environmental changes to alter the prokaryoteʹs genome
Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to
having different genes.
having different genes expressed.
If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to
be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis.
have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription.
This can inhibit transcription by blocking the binding of positively acting transcription factors to the DNA:
enhancer
promoter
repressor
Which of the following statements is true about stem cells?
Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells
Stem cells are found only in bone marrow.
The incidence of cancer increases dramatically in older humans because
as we age, normal cell division inhibitors cease to function
the longer we live, the more mutations we accumulate.
Which enzyme was used to produce the molecule in the Figure?
ligase
a restriction enzyme
What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?
to cleave nucleic acids at specific sites
to add new nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA
Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process?
exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills cells lacking the resistant plasmid
producing antibodies specific for each bacterium containing a recombinant plasmid
A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that
prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes.
bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns.
Which of the following separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge?
gel electrophoresis
gene cloning
Restriction fragments of DNA are typically separated from one another by which process?
gel electrophoresis
PCR
The segment of DNA shown in the figure has restriction sites I and II, which create restriction fragments A, B, and C. Which of the gels produced by electrophoresis shown below best represents the separation and identity of these fragments?
The DNA profiles in the figure represent four different individuals. Which of the following statements is consistent with the results?
B is the child of A and C.
C is the child of A and B.
Which of the following are characteristics of Prokaryotic DNA?
Single linear strand
Single circular strand
Multiple linear strands
Plasmids
Contains histones
Which of the following are characteristics of plasmids?
Circular DNA strand
RNA strands
Contain resistance genes
Found in eukaryotes
Found in prokaryotes
Which of the following describes chromatin?
DNA nucleosomes wrapped around histone proteins
Condensed DNA prepared for cell division
Complimentary RNA coding of primary DNA
Unpackaged DNA that is loose and always accessible
Which of the following describe the structure of mature RNA?
Contains Uracil
Contains introns and exons
Has a poly-A tail and 5' cap
Single stranded
Circular strand
Which of the following would be transcribed from the following DNA sequence? 3' ATC GAA TTA CGA 5'
5' UAG CUU AAU GCU 3'
5' AUC GAA UUA CGA 3'
3' UCG UAA UUC UAG 5'
3' TAG CTT AAT GCT 5'
5' TAG CTT AAT GCT 3'
Which of the following is true of DNA Replication?
DNA is semi conservative because it creates two new strands of old nucleotide.
New DNA strands are being synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction
DNA is being synthesized in the 3' to 5' directions from a template strand
RNA is being synthesized by RNA polymerase in the 5' to 3' direction
A sense strand is created from a nonsense strand of DNA using RNA polymerase
The following mutation occurs:
5' TAC GGC CGA AGT CGT 3'
becomes
5' TAC GGC CGA ATT CGT 3'
What type of mutation is this?
sense
nonsense
frameshift
translocation
duplication
Where does RNA polymerase bind to DNA?
at an activator site
on the coding gene sequence
at a promoter region
downstream of the coding sequence
Where the RNA primer is placed
Which of the following occur during RNA processing?
exons can be removed
spliceosomes remove introns
a poly-A tail and GTP cap are added
DNA helicase unzips DNA
activator sequences initiate transcription
Which of the following is a similarity between the process prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms implement for protein synthesis?
Transcription takes place in the nucleus, translation takes place in the cytoplasm
Introns are removed by spliceosomes
RNA processing adds a cap and tail to the mature RNA strand
Transcription and translation happen simultaneously
Ribosomes for phosphodiester bonds between amino acids
Which of the following is true of regulatory genes?
a promoter site for RNA polymerase to bind
a gene that produces repressor proteins to block RNA polymerase
a coding region responsible for the production of multiple proteins downstream of an activator site
a gene that codes for activator proteins to enhance transcription
an allosteric inhibitor for transcription factors
Bacterial cells that contain pGal will fluoresce blue under ultraviolet light. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of replacing the lacA gene in the E. coli lac operon with the gene encoding pGal?
When lacY and lac Z are breaking down and transporting lactose, the bacteria will fluoresce blue under ultraviolet light
lacZ will only produce the enzyme for breaking down galactose in the presence of ultraviolet light
the repressor enzyme will only be able to bind to the operator under the presence of lactose
When the regulatory gene is stimulated by lactose, it will cause the gene to fluoresce blue
All structural genes downstream from the placement of lacA will be inhibited due to this substitution mutation.
Which of the following are pyrimidines?
adenine and cytosine
adenine and guanine
adenine and thymine
cytosine and guanine
cytosine and thymine
A nucleic acid contains 35% adenine, 36% thymine, 14% guanine, and 15% cytosine. This nucleic acid is
single-stranded RNA
single-stranded DNA
double-stranded RNA
double-stranded DNA
A nucleic acid consists of 29% cytosine, 35% uracil, 10% adenine, and 26% guanine. This nucleic acid is
single-stranded RNA
single-stranded DNA
double-stranded RNA
double-stranded DNA
Which is not a component of DNA nucleotides?
Ribose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose sugar
Eukaryotic DNA is located in
the nucleus
the cytoplasm
anywhere in the cell
During transcription, what is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
DNA is the template, RNA reads DNA in 3' -> 5' direction
DNA is the template, RNA reads DNA in 5' -> 3' direction
RNA is the template, DNA reads RNA in 3' -> 5' direction
RNA is the template, DNA reads RNA in 5' -> 3' direction
What is the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA read in triplets called?
anticodon
codon
triplet box
wobble
Identify which molecules bind to the promoter region
Ligase
Topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
How does the DNA in a prokaryote differ from a eukaryote?
Prokaryote has circular DNA, Eukaryotes has linear DNA
Prokaryote has single stranded DNA, Eukaryotes has double stranded DNA
Prokaryote has linear DNA, Eukaryotes has circular DNA
Prokaryote has double stranded DNA, Eukaryotes has single stranded DNA
Describe the difference between the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands.
directionality: leading = 3' -> 5', lagging = 5' -> 3'
synthesis continuity: leading = discontinuous & lagging = continuous
directionality: leading = 5' -> 3', lagging = 3' -> 5'
synthesis continuity: leading = continuous & lagging = discontinuous
Which of the following demonstrates base pairing rules to 5' - CAGGT - 3'?
3' - TGGAC - 5'
3' - GTCCA - 5'
5' - GTCCA - 3'
5' - CAGGT - 3'
Gene expression is the ability for a gene to be:
in the genome.
transcribed.
non-coding.
a dominant allele.
Translation is a process where:
a polypeptide sequence is produced from a sequence of rRNA codons.
a polypeptide sequence is produced from a sequence of tRNA codons.
a polypeptide sequence is produced from a sequence of mRNA codons.
a DNA nucleotide sequence is used to produce mRNA codon sequence.
What mutation has occurred here?
T-G-A-C-C-A
T-G-A-G-C-A
Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Frameshift
What are the building blocks of proteins called?
DNA
RNA
Ribosomes
Amino Acids
Group of structural and regulating genes that functions as a single unit
Operon
Plasmid
DNA
Oncogene
In an operon, a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase begins transcription
Repressor
Inducer
Structurel Gene
Promoter
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found
A=C
A+G = C + T
G + C = A + T
A = G and C = T
An amino acid deficiency in an organism is most likely to affect
post translation
translation
post transcription
transcription
Amino acid tryptophan is added to the agar the E.coli are growing on, the trp operon will be
not affected
increased in function
repressed
induced
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
nucleosome
Barr body
helicase
primase
The pink ribbon-like structure is
tRNA
DNA
mRNA
rRNA
Small, circular DNA molecules from bacteria are called...
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Transcripts
Plasmids
In the diagram, what is structure #1?
Topisomerase
Primase
Helicase
ssBP
In the diagram what is #4?
Topisomerase
Nucleotide
Helicase
Primase
In DNA replication, what enzyme unzips the double helix?
Primase
Topisomerase
DNA Polymerase I
Helicase
In DNA replication, which occurs first?
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides
DNA polymerase replaces RNA with DNA
DNA ligase binds segments together
Primase creates a primer
What is the orientation of DNA strands?
Single strand, 5'-3'
Double strand, both 5'-3'
Double strand, antiparallel
Double strand, semiconservative
Which strand of these DNA molecule would be the lagging strand?
Top
Bottom
If a polypeptide chain has 100 amino acids, then how many nucleotides does the mRNA contain?
99
100
299
300
What is the correct order of function in replication?
helicase, ssbp, topoisomerase, DNA primer
helicase, topoisomerase, ssbp, RNA primer
ssbp, helicase, topoisomerase, DNA primer
helicase, ssbp, topoisomerase, RNA primer
A ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA. Match the site with the correct function.
P site holds tRNA that carries next amino acid added to chain
A site is where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
A site holds tRNA that carries next amino acid added to chain
E site holds tRNA that carries the growing amino acid chain
Base substitutions of the 3rd base of codon rarely result in an error in polypeptide because...
substitutions are corrected before transcription begins
substitutions are restricted to introns
transcribed errors attract snRNP’s,stimulating splicing
base pair rule less strict for the 3rd base codon/anticodons
The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is...
complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon
complementary to the rRNA triplet
part of tRNA that bonds to a specific amino acid
changeable, depends on the amino acid that bonds to the tRNA
Using the picture what polypeptide does CAA-CGG-GUA code for?
His, Arg, Stop
Gln, Arg, Val
Gln, His, Met
Met, Gln, Arg
Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?
a base pair substitution
a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene
a nucleotide deletion at the end of the gene
single nucleotide inserted close to start of coding sequence
Identify which of the following best describes purines and pyrimidines
Purines (C, T, & U) have single ring, Pyrimidines (A & G) have double ring
Purines (A & G) have single ring, Pyrimidines (C, T, & U) have double ring
Purines (C, T, & U) have double ring, Pyrimidines (A & G) have single ring
Purines (A & G) have double ring, Pyrimidines (C, T, & U) have single ring
Which of the following demonstrates base pairing rules to 5' - CAGGT - 3'
3' - TGGAC - 5
5' - GTCCA - 3'
3' - GTCCA - 5'
5' - CAGGT - 3'
Describe the difference between the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands.
directionality: leading = 3' -> 5', lagging = 5' -> 3'
directionality: leading = 5' -> 3', lagging = 3' -> 5'
synthesis continuity: leading = discontinuous & lagging = continuous
synthesis continuity: leading = continuous & lagging = discontinuous
How do the three types of RNA work together?
mRNA carries message, tRNA carries amino acids, and rRNA makes ribosome
mRNA carries amino acids, tRNA transfer message, and rRNA makes ribosome
mRNA makes ribosomes, tRNA carries amino acids, and rRNA relays information
mRNA is made, tRNA holds the DNA in place, and rRNA removes the deoxyribose
Which of the following are NOT post-transcriptional modifications?
5' cap
TATA box
poly-A tail
intron removal
Which of the following describes epigenetic changes that affect gene expression?
alternative RNA splicing
post-transcriptional modification
DNA methylation or histone acetylation
operon inhibition
Which of the following genetic engineering techniques is incorrectly described?
Electrophoresis separates molecules based on size & charge
PCR allows for DNA fragments to be stabilized for engineering processes
Bacterial transformation introduces DNA to bacterial cells
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule
What is transcribed from DNA to produce a protein and is a good indication of whether or not a particular gene is expressed?
mRNA
cDNA
tRNA
trRNA
From microarray data, what can we conclude?
genes that cause cancer
which genes may be affected in cancer
genes that stop cancer
which cells have genes
This is the practice of inserting the DNA of another species into an organism's DNA so that the organism gains a new trait.
Cloning
Gel Electrophoresis
Genetic Engineering
DNA Fingerprinting
Which kitten is most likely the offspring of this cat?
1
2
3
4
What is the process in which an unspecialized stem cell turns into a specialized body cell?
DNA Replication
Differentiation
Respiration
Genetic Modification
During gel electrophoresis, the _______ pieces of DNA move farthest down the gel
lightest
heaviest
ugliest
deadliest
What does transgenic mean?
An organism that can change its genes at will
A stem cell that can differentiate into anything
An organism that has had another species' DNA put in it
A bacteria that reproduces asexually
Another name for a point mutation is:
Substitution
Frameshift
Insertion
Deletion
ATTTGAGCC- Original
ATTGAGCC - Mutated
The example above is an example of a
Insertion
Point mutation
Deletion
Substitution
What type of Mutation is this to the sentence "THE CAT WAS FUN":
THE BAT WAS FUN
Substitution Mutation
Deletion Mutation
Insertion Mutation
What type of Mutation is this to the sentence "THE CAT WAS FUN":
THE CAT AWA SFU N...
Substitution Mutation
Deletion Mutation
Insertion Mutation
How does the DNA in a prokaryote differ from a eukaryote?
Prokaryote has circular DNA, Eukaryotes has linear DNA
Prokaryote has single stranded DNA, Eukaryotes has double stranded DNA
Prokaryote has linear DNA, Eukaryotes has prokaryote DNA
Prokaryote has double stranded DNA, Eukaryotes has single stranded DNA
Identify which of the following best describes purines and pyrimidines.
Purines (C, T, & U) have single ring, Pyrimidines (A & G) have double ring
Purines (C, T, & U) have double ring, Pyrimidines (A & G) have single ring
Purines (A & G) have single ring, Pyrimidines (C, T, & U) have double ring
Purines (A & G) have double ring, Pyrimidines (C, T, & U) have single ring
Which of the following demonstrates base pairing rules to 5' - CAGGT - 3'
3' - TGGAC - 5'
3' - GTCCA - 5'
5' - GTCCA - 3'
5' - CAGGT - 3'
Which enzyme is responsible for relaxing supercoiling in front of the replication fork?
helicase
DNA polymerase
topoisomerase
ligase
Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA strands?
helicase
DNA polymerase
topoisomerase
ligase
Which enzyme is responsible for joining the fragments on the lagging strand?
helicase
DNA polymerase
topoisomerase
ligase
How do the three types of RNA work together?
mRNA carries message, tRNA carries amino acids, and rRNA makes ribosome
mRNA makes ribosomes, tRNA carries amino acids, and rRNA relays information
mRNA carries amino acids, tRNA transfer message, and rRNA makes ribosome
mRNA is made, tRNA holds the DNA in place, and rRNA removes the deoxyribose
Where does translation take place in prokaryotes & eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes - cytosol; Eukaryotes - cytosol or nucleus
Prokaryotes - cytosol or rough ER; Eukaryotes - cytosol
Prokaryotes - cytosol; Eukaryotes - cytosol or rough ER
Prokaryotes - cytosol or nucleus; Eukaryotes - cytosol
What is the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA read in triplets called?
anticodon
codon
triplet box
wobble
Identify which molecules bind to the promoter region
Ligase
Topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
How can a person's muscle cells have the same exact DNA sequences as their nerve cells even though they look and perform completely different?
The two different cells become mutated
The proteins expressed in each cell are different
They actually have different DNA in the two types of cells.
The genome of the different cells changes
5'-AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG-3'
