Font size
Worksheetsfinal Exam survey
Total questions: 138
Worksheet time: 1hrs 14mins
____ is the number by which we multiply (i.e., weight) each X to make a composite X with all the information from the separate Xs in it.
b-weight
beta-weight
zero-partials
semi-partials
partials
what is the blue representative in this image?
'Unique' variance
'Shared' variance
semi-partial
R2
Partials
what is the Red representative in this image?
'Unique' variance
'Shared' variance
semi-partial
R2
Partials
what is it when all the unique and shared variances are totalled
'Unique' variance
'Shared' variance
semi-partial
R2
Partials
what will you find if all the unique varices are taken from R-Squared
'Unique' variance
'Shared' variance
semi-partial
R2
Partials
That is this finding out?
Unique varience
shared varience
percent of semi-partials
percent of the partials
That is this finding out?
0.433 (43%)
0.535 (53%)
0.1875 (18%)
0.2862 (28%)
That is this finding out?
Unique varience
shared varience
percent of semi-partials
percent of the partials
That is this finding out?
0.433 (43%)
0.535 (53%)
0.1875 (18%)
0.2862 (29%)
If R-squired is 0.608
0.433 (43%)
0.135 (13.5%)
0.1875 (18%)
0.2862 (28%)
what is 783.952 representative of?
SSreg
SSres
SSy
R-squred
what is 2430.55 representative of?
SSreg
SSres
SSy
R-squred
what is the formular for R-squared
SSreg / residual
SSres / SSy
SSreg / total
Total / SSres
Using the formula for R-squared, what is the value of R-squared?
0.323
0.187
0.286
0.341
When working out Y that is the intercept
b0
b1
b2
constant
Gre_Q
When working out the slops, what is used
b0
b1
b2
attending
Gre_Q
what is b1 here, there's 2 answers
0.51X1
12.157X2
0.444X1
attendance
Gre_Q
what is b2 here, there's 2 answers
0.51X1
12.157X2
0.444X1
attendance
Gre_Q
What is the residuals within the data?
The Error
The leftover
The important info
ordinal
what assumption is this? Constant variance of residuals (across predicted scores)
normality
homoscedasticity
independence of errors
linearity of the relationship
Wihich of the following is a regression assumption or a used for it? pick more then one
Normality
Homoscedasticity
independence
predicted
residual
Wihich of the following is a regression assumption or a used for it? pick more then one
Normality
Homoscedasticity
independence
predicted
residual
what assumption is this? The residuals are uncorrelated with Y
normality
homoscedasticity
independence of errors
linearity of the relationship
What association does this describe?
Residuals (error) are normally distributed with mean = 0
Often said, cantered around 0
normality
homoscedasticity
independence of errors
linearity of the relationship
Data is observed to not neatly distributed around zero, what does this mean? more then one correct answer
something systematic and amiss
potetial problem within the data
creates a fan
data has a corrilation
Involve the estimation of at least one population parameter
parametric test
sample variance
population testing
non-paramotor test
What is used to measure how much variance shared between the criterion and the pridictors?
R squared
R
semi-partials
unique variance
What is used to measure how much variance shared between the criterion and the pridictors, measure in this data set?
0.028
0.143
0.054
0.022
What is the dependent variable
Psychological adjustment
age
personal growth scale
interpersonal growth
accepentance scale
If you wanted to improve someone’s psychological adjustment, what would you do?
Psychological adjustment
age
personal growth scale
interpersonal growth
accepentance scale
what is the unique variance accounted for by interpersonal growth?
0.0246%
0.054
-0.016
0.292%
2.045%
what is the unique variance accounted for by age?
0.0246%
0.054
-0.016
0.292%
2.045%
what is the unique variance accounted for by personal growth scale?
0.0246%
0.054
-0.016
0.292%
2.045%
The amount of variance in the outcome variable explained by the linear composite (aka model) is refered to as:
R square
the slope coefficient
the intercept coefficient
the residual term
The above formula provides us with:
SSreg
R2
SSy
SSres
The above formula provides us with:
SSreg
R2
SSy
SSres
The above formula provides us with:
SSreg
R2
SSy
SSres
The above formula provides us with:
SSreg
R2
SSy
SSres
which is the slope coefficient, multi part answer
b0
b1
B2
Gre_Q
attendence
which is the intercept coefficient, two part answer
b0
b1
36.13
Gre_Q
attendence
We extrapolate sample coefficients to the population to make___________
judgements
inferences
hay
research questions
In the above diagram, the section labelled B represents
The correlation between predictor 1 and the criterion
Shared variance of predictor 1 and predictor 2 on the criterion
Unique variance of predictor 1 with the Y variable
Unique variance of predictor 2 with the Y variable
In the above diagram, the section labelled c represents
The correlation between predictor 1 and the criterion
Shared variance of predictor 1 and predictor 2 on the criterion
Unique variance of predictor 1 with the Y variable
Unique variance of predictor 2 with the Y variable
In the above diagram, the section labelled A represents
The correlation between predictor 1 and the criterion
Shared variance of predictor 1 and predictor 2 on the criterion
Unique variance of predictor 1 with the Y variable
Unique variance of predictor 2 with the Y variable
Semipartial correlations are found in which part of the SPSS output?
The partial column of the Coefficients table
The part column of the Coefficients table
The Model Summary Table
The ANOVA table
the models significance is found in the...
The partial column of the Coefficients table
The part column of the Coefficients table
The Model Summary Table
The ANOVA table
the total variance of all the predictors is found in what tableP
Model summary
The part column of the Coefficients table
The Model Summary Table
The ANOVA table
Semipartial correlations are used as an index of:
shared variance
total variance
unique variance
common variance
What is the regression assumption that is tested by examining the plot of residuals against predicted values?:
Mahalanobis’ assumption
linearity
independence of errors
homoscedasticity
residuals centred around 0 and normal
What is the regression assumption that is tested by examining If the residuals (error) are centred around 0
Mahalanobis’ assumption
linearity
independence of errors
homoscedasticity
normality
What is the regression assumption that is tested by examining If the residuals (error) are uncorreltation with y
Mahalanobis’ assumption
linearity
independence of errors
homoscedasticity
normality
Multivariate outliers are assessed by:
looking at residuals
looking at box plots
looking at Malahnobis distance
looking at Z Scores
To address the potential influence of multivariate outliers you should:
transform the outcome variable
transform the predictor variables
remove the outliers from the dataset
do nothing
to address skew and kurtosis you should?
transform the outcome variable
transform the predictor variables
remove the outliers from the dataset
do nothing
One approach to correct moderately skewed data is to apply a ...... transformation to the data
summation
average
square-root
moderately skewed data should not be corrected
The assumption that the association between the predictors and the outcome falls along a straight line is the assumption of:
homoscedasticity
linearity
multicollinearity
normality
The assumption that residuals have consistent variance across the predicted values is the assumption of:
homoscedasticity
linearity
multicollinearity
normality
What will you need to do with data with a negative skew prior to applying a transformation? multi answer
reflect the scores
nothing
check with your tutor
check for linearity
use log, must be all psitive
Multivariate outliers...
are data with extreme values on multiple variables
are data with an unusual combination of scores on multiple variables
are always also univariate outliers
are not problematic and can be safely ignored
univariate outliers...
are data with extreme values on a variables
are data with an unusual combination of scores on multiple variables
the result with outliers left in is significant
are not problematic and can be safely ignored
the result with outliers left in is non-significant
Remove univariate outliers if their removal ......
does not change the significance of the results
changes the significance of the results
the result with outliers left in is significant
the result with outliers left in is non-significant
Ancombe’s............demonstrated that we need to look at the scatter plot (rather than just looking at our descriptive statistics) to check for non-linearity and outliers.
quartet
duet
law
test of residuals
Phi is:
the correlation in the sample
the correlation in the population
an index of effect size in a multiple regression analysis
an index of effect size in a chi-square analysis
what do these measurements tell us?
the correlation in the sample
the correlation in the population
an index of effect size in a multiple regression analysis
an index of effect size in a chi-square analysis
This kind of correlation can be used to account for extreme scores in your data
point-biserial
Spearman
Pearson
monotonic
This kind of correlation can be used when one of your variables is dichotomous
point-biserial
Spearman
Pearson
monotonic
Spearman’s Rho is based on the use of:
continuous data
ranked data
frequency data
ordinal data
_______tests involve estimating population parameters, making assumptions about the shape of the data and assumptions about the scale of the variables
Parametric
non-parametric
spearman's rho
chi-squared
what is used to calculate the correlation between variables htat has natural ranks, there are extreme scores in the sample
Parametric
non-parametric
spearman's rho
chi-squared
Pearson's r
what is used to calculate the correlation between variables that has a monotonic relationship between the variables
Parametric
non-parametric
spearman's rho
chi-squared
Pearson's r
what is appropriate for describing the linear relationship between two continuous variables
Parametric
non-parametric
spearman's rho
chi-squared
Pearson's r
Frank wants know whether there is a relationship between sample frequencies he has obtained on promotion to manager and on gender. He should run…
the one-way chi square with equal expected frequencies
the two-way chi square test
the one-way chi square with specified expected frequencies
Fisher’s exact test
Expected frequencies in two-way chi-square tests are calculated by
he product of the relevant marginal totals weighted by the grand total
random assignment with a sampling frame
starting with the values from the appropriate oneway test
using ABS data
If the expected frequencies equalled the observed frequencies exactly in a one-way chi-square:
the chi-square test statistic would be undefined
the calculated chi-square would equal zero
the null hypothesis would probably be rejected
the degrees of freedom would be zero
According to the table, women are more likely to be over 65?
true
false
What data does chi square allow us to test?
continuous data
ranked data
ordinal data
frequency data
categorical data
what test do we use when people/things distribute evenly across the categories of the variable.
chi-squared
point-biserial
fundamental of congitudinal
fisher's exect test
what is also referred to as the test of independence
two-way chi-squared
point-biserial
fundamental of congitudinal
fisher's exect test
We _____ the null hypothesis of independence and conclude that our sample represents a population in which gender and being over 65 are associated.
reject
accept
under measurement levels,
Nominal data is....
categorical
continuous
A frequency
vaiable
under measurement levels,
ordinal data is....
categorical
continuous
A frequency
vaiable
Under measures levels.
what refers to: measures are just names for things e.g. gender
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Under measures levels.
measure the rank ordering of something e.g. 1st/2nd place
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Under measures levels.
Equal difference between scores can be treated as equal units e.g. degrees C
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Under measures levels.
interval scale with true zero point e.g. length
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
TO test the significance of chi squared.
The obtained value is compared to the critical value in the chi square distribution
Compares obtained frequencies to expected frequencies as stated under the null hypothesis
Depend on the number of categories
In a two way chi squared can participance be in more then one?
No they can not
yes they can
What is it when a two way chi square, when looking at gender and salary, share the same shape.
i.e salary levels are not dependent on gender
independent
dependent
one way chi
expected frequence
What is it when a two way chi square, when looking at gender and salary, dont share the same shape.
i.e salary levels depends on gender
independent
dependent
one way chi
expected frequence
With in chi square, which model asks; generally, does the observed data fit the model
one-way
Two-way
With in chi square, which model asks; are the two variables independent?
one-way
Two-way
What refers to:
The degree of CONSISTENCY in scores, means, or rank orders from one time point to another.
stability
change
Uni-directional relational relationship
Bi-directional relationship
What refers to:
The degree of FLUCTUATION in scores, means, or rank orders from one time point to another.
stability
change
Uni-directional relational relationship
Bi-directional relationship
What refers to:
- there is a clear direction in the relationship between the predictor and criterion variable.
- A uni-directional relationship in a well-design longitudinal study provides support for temporal precedence
stability
change
Uni-directional relational relationship
Bi-directional relationship
What refers to:
- Occurs when the predictor variable is related to the criterion variable, and the criterion variable is related to the predictor variable.
- In this instance, it is not possible to conclude that one variable occurred prior to the other, so temporal precedence cannot be determined. rather both variables 'cause' one another
stability
change
Uni-directional relational relationship
Bi-directional relationship
What is also refered to as autoregressive design
simplex models
longitudinal correlation
Residualised longitudinal regression
Cross-lagged models
What measurement of a variable at time 1 should predict the time 2 (i.e. stability)
simplex models
longitudinal correlation
Residualised longitudinal regression
Cross-lagged models
I.e. there is a high degree of stability from T1 to t2.
In a simplex design what does this mean?
perfect association
small or zero association
bi-directional relationship
significant
I.e. there is a small or zero association
In a simplex design what does this mean?
perfect association
small or zero association
bi-directional relationship
significant
is this weak or strong
weak
strong
is this a weak or strong relationship, temporal, stability
weak
strong
If the relationship between IV at time 1 and DV at time 2 is significant AND the relationship between the DV at time 1 with the IV at time 2 is not significant, it can be concluded that what has been found?
temporal precedence
bi-directional relationship
uni-directional relationship
nothing at all.
If the relationship between IV at time 1 and DV at time 2 is significant AND the relationship between the DV at time 1 with the IV at time 2 is significant, it can be concluded that what has been found?
temporal precedence
bi-directional relationship
uni-directional relationship
nothing at all.
If the relationship between IV at time 1 and DV at time 2 is not significant AND the relationship between the DV at time 1 with the IV at time 2 is not significant, it can be concluded that what has been found?
temporal precedence
bi-directional relationship
uni-directional relationship
nothing at all.
which model has the weakness of;
- This analysis does not account for correlations between variables at time points.
- Does not account for the stability in a construct
longitudinal correlation
simples design
residualised longitudinal regression
cross-lagged models
what model does this refer to, remember to think of why that is.
simple design
Longitudinal Correlation
residualised longitudinal regression
cross-lagged
what model does this refer to, remember to think of why that is.
simple design
Longitudinal Correlation
residualised longitudinal regression
cross-lagged
what model does this refer to, remember to think of why that is.
simple design
Longitudinal Correlation
residualised longitudinal regression
cross-lagged
what model can test for bi-directional relationships
simple design
Longitudinal Correlation
residualised longitudinal regression
cross-lagged
what is a cross-lagged model especially like?
two simple design
two Longitudinal Correlation
two residualised longitudinal regression
a one-way repeated anova
what does a cross-lagged model investigate?
Correlation between variables at time 1
correlation between variables at time 2
Stability of variable 1
stability of variable 2
literally every comparison between variables
what is the most expensive to run and require additional resources outside of SPSS
simplex
Longitudinal correlation
Residualised regression
Cross-lagged model
what only estimates stability and change
simplex
Longitudinal correlation
Residualised regression
Cross-lagged model
what only explores uni-directional relationships
simplex
Longitudinal correlation
Residualised regression
Cross-lagged model
what estimates stability, estimates change, predicts change, accounts for cross-sectional relationships, explores unidirectional relationships, but des NOT explore bi-directional reationships?
simplex
Longitudinal correlation
Residualised regression
Cross-lagged model
what estimates stability, estimates change, predicts change, accounts for cross-sectional relationships, explores unidirectional relationships, and explores bi-directional reationships?
simplex
Longitudinal correlation
Residualised regression
Cross-lagged model
in a longituditudinal analysis, which you should be well aware of right now. what refers to this assumption?
- These techniques examine stability and change in the sample over time.
- Thus, it is assumed that there are no systematic differences in the stability and change between the participants
- This assumption is violated when one group of participants changed faster or slower relative to the other participant.
inter-individual stability
consistent measurement
synchronicity
timeframe
other variables (third variable effects)
in a longituditudinal analysis, which you should be well aware of right now. what refers to this assumption?
- it is assumed that the measurement is the same when using repeated measures
- In practical terms, this means that the items administered to participants need to be exactly the same across time periods
- in conceptual terms, participants need to read and interpret the questions in exactly the same way across time
inter-individual stability
consistent measurement
synchronicity
timeframe
other variables (third variable effects)
in a longituditudinal analysis, which you should be well aware of right now. what refers to this assumption?
It is assumed that the administration of questionnaire occurs with the same interval between time periods for all participants
inter-individual stability
consistent measurement
synchronicity
timeframe
other variables (third variable effects)
in a longituditudinal analysis, which you should be well aware of right now. what refers to this assumption?
- in order to find a longitudinal effect, the length of time between measurements needs to be considered
- the timeframe may be too short for a variable to impact anther, and so you won't find any effects
- The timeframe may be too long and the impact of one variable on the other may have dissipated
inter-individual stability
consistent measurement
synchronicity
timeframe
other variables (third variable effects)
in a longituditudinal analysis, which you should be well aware of right now. what refers to this assumption?
- it is important to ensure that important variables are not omitted
- this idea is related to a causal process or pathway
- for this reason, it is easier to say that a variable at time 1 influences or impacts something, rather than causing it.
inter-individual stability
consistent measurement
synchronicity
timeframe
other variables (third variable effects)
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal design:
A simplex model
A repeated measures chi-square
A residualised longitudinal regression
A cross-lag model
A simplex model:
predicts change over time
accounts for cross-sectional relationships
estimates change over time
explores bi-directional relationships
The degree of consistency in scores, means, or rank order across time is referred to as:
linearity
stability
rankability
continuity
The simplex, residualised longitudinal regression, and cross-lagged models can be used to test:
change across time
change across situations
change across location
differences between groups
Another name for a simplex model is a:
autoregressive model
residualised longitudinal regression model
cross-lagged model
temporal model
A ....... model can be used to test bi-direction relationships:
simplex model
residualised longitudinal regression model
cross-lagged model
autoregressive model
The assumption of equal time intervals of measurement is referred to as
linearity
homoscedasticity
synchronicity
multicollinearity
The approach that accounts for the change in the DV over time by entering the DV score at time 1 is:
simplex model
residualised longitudinal regression model
cross-lagged model
autoregressive model
The approach that can be used to estimate change but not predict change is the:
simplex model
residualised longitudinal regression model
cross-lagged model
autoregressive model
According to Funder a good indicator of the stability of research results is:
content validity
siginificance
face validity
replication
Problems that have been found with previous research findings include:
publication bias
publication fluctuation
publication limitation
online publications
Questionnable Research Practices are also referred to as:
q-hacking
p-hacking
p-cheating
q-cheating
Diederik Stapel became known for:
developing the regression equation
fabricating data
writing a paper with the title "Why most published research findings are false"
establishing the Open Science Framework
According to Brian Nosek, in order to change a research culture in part we need to make it
difficult
normative
optional
punishing
Advocates for Open Science argue that we need:
greater use of qualitative approaches
Closed data
preregistered studies
closed materials
Reproducing results when re-analysing the original data is referred to as:
reproductibility
reliability
replication
repeatability
The Reproducibility Project found 36% of replications:
were unsuccessful
had no hypotheses
had limited generalisibility
were successful
