the thin layered structure produced in the vicinity of 540°C.

(a)  

conditions of constant temperature.

(a)  

transformations are shifted to lower temperatures than indicated by the phase diagram.

(a)  

which is the free energy required for the formation of a stable nucleus.

(a)  

dependence of fraction of transformation on time.

(a)  

reciprocal of the halfway-to completion transformation time.

(a)  

is some portion of a body of material throughout which the physical and chemical characteristics are homogeneous.

(a)  

cementite forms before the eutectoid reaction.

(a)  

the ferrite present in the pearlite.

(a)  

this rule represents a criterion for the number of phases that coexist within a system at equilibrium.

(a)  

the polymorphic form of silica that is stable at these temperatures.

(a)  

a zirconia material having a calcia content within the range cited.

(a)  

transformation at least one of the phases experiences a change in composition.

(a)  

another invariant reaction involving three phases at equilibrium.

 

(a)  

the reverse reaction occurs upon heating.

(a)  

an element of the microstructure having an identifiable and characteristic structure

(a)  

concentration gradients are established across the grains that are represented by the insets.

(a)  

the mass (or weight) of a specific phase divided by the total alloy mass (or weight).

(a)  

The tie line must be used in conjunction with a procedure.

(a)  

the changes that occur when the temperature is altered (typically upon cooling).

 

(a)  

refers to equilibrium as it applies to systems in which more than one phase may exist.

(a)  

a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics.

(a)  

maximum concentration of solute atoms that may dissolve in the solvent to form a solid solution.

(a)  

is used to specify the electrical character of a material.

 

(a)  

a net motion of charged ions is possible that produces a current.

(a)  

are those in which the electrical behavior is based on the electronic structure inherent in the pure material.

(a)  

is a result of the phenomenon by which a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the direction of motion of a charged particle exerts a force on the particle perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the particle motion directions.

(a)  

is an electronic device that allows the current to flow in one direction only.

(a)  

When a battery is used, the positive terminal may be connected to the p-side and the negative terminal to the n-side.

(a)  

way of representing the most stable relationships between phases in alloy systems

(a)  

A nonequilibrium state that may persist for a very long time.

(a)  

having the same structure.

(a)  

on a binary phase diagram, the line or boundary separating liquid- and liquid + solid–phase regions.

(a)  

there are no compositional alterations.

(a)  

an alloy for which the concentration of solute is less than the eutectoid composition.

(a)  

The study of reaction rates and the factors that affect them.

(a)  

this is composed of spherelike cementite particles that are embedded in a ferrite matrix.

(a)  

contain appreciable concentrations of other elements.

(a)  

The microstructural product resulting from a tempering heat treatment of a martensitic steel.

(a)  

reduction in strength and hardness that occurs after long time periods.

(a)  

For precipitation hardening, aging above room temperature.

(a)  

For precipitation hardening, aging at room temperature.

(a)  

relates the current I—or time rate of charge passage—to the applied voltage V.

(a)  

is a series of electron states that are closely spaced with respect to energy, and one such band may exist for each electron subshell found in the isolated atom.

(a)  

dependence on electron mobility and electric field intensity.

(a)  

The intentional alloying of semiconducting materials with controlled concentrations of donor or acceptor impurities.

(a)  

electron concentration increases above the P content and asymptotically approaches the intrinsic curve as temperature increases.

(a)  

is constructed from a single piece of semiconductor that is doped so as to be n-type on one side and p-type on the other.

(a)  

The group of dielectric materials, exhibit spontaneous polarization.

(a)  

polarization in the absence of an electric field.

(a)  

represents the magnitude of an electric field necessary to produce breakdown.

(a)  

electrical insulators that may be polarized when an electric field is present.

(a)  

The temperature at which the polymer experiences the transition from rubbery into rigid states.

(a)  

all solute atoms are dissolved to form a single-phase solid solution.

(a)  

this has a very fine structure that is composed of a ferrite matrix and elongated cementite particles

(a)  

the solid solubility limit line separating the α and α + 𝛽 phase regions.

(a)  

means easily melted.

(a)  

Primary ferrite that exists in addition to pearlite for hypoeutectoid steels.

(a)  

function of the internal energy of a system and also the randomness or disorder of the atoms or molecules (or entropy).

(a)  

iron is the prime constituent—are produced in larger quantities than any other metal type.

(a)  

are highly resistant to corrosion (rusting) in a variety of environments, especially the ambient atmosphere.

 

(a)  

those that are amenable to mechanical deformation.

(a)  

are alloys of copper and several other elements, including tin, aluminum, silicon, and nickel.

(a)  

The most common heat-treatable copper alloys.

 

(a)  

which is quantified by the tensile strength–specific gravity ratio.

(a)  

- is the principal component of whitewares (e.g., pottery and tableware) and structural clay products (e.g., building bricks and tiles).

(a)  

A high-temperature heat treatment that increases the density and strength of a ceramic piece.

(a)  

A clay-based ceramic product that becomes white after high-temperature firing; whitewares include porcelain, China, and plumbing sanitary ware.

(a)  

are used to wear, grind, or cut away other material, which necessarily is softer.

(a)  

A substance (often a ceramic) that by chemical reaction binds particulate aggregates into a cohesive structure.

(a)  

is produced by heating a mixture of clay and lime-bearing minerals in a rotary kiln.

(a)  

is soft and flaky (i.e., has good lubricative properties), is optically opaque, and chemically stable at high temperatures and in nonoxidizing atmospheres.

(a)  

a more disordered structure results when, during fabrication, graphene sheets become randomly folded, tilted, and crumpled to form.

(a)  

carbon materials that have particle sizes less than about 100 nm.

(a)  

are miniature “smart” systems consisting of a multitude of mechanical devices that are integrated with large numbers of electrical elements on a substrate of silicon.

(a)  

used to denote the class of materials that are composed of this type of molecule.

(a)  

are materials that have some structural rigidity under load and are used in general-purpose applications.

(a)  

are capable of being drawn into long filaments having at least a 100:1 length-to-diameter ratio.

 

(a)  

are plastic materials that contain a relatively high volume percentage of small pores and trapped gas bubbles.

(a)  

mechanically working or deforming a single piece of a usually hot metal; this may be accomplished by the application of successive blows or by continuous squeezing.

(a)  

the most widely used deformation process, consists of passing a piece of metal between two rolls; a reduction in thickness results from compressive stresses exerted by the rolls.

 

(a)  

is the pulling of a metal piece through a die having a tapered bore by means of a tensile force that is applied on the exit side.

(a)  

a fabrication process in which a completely molten metal is poured into a mold cavity having the desired shape; upon solidification, the metal assumes the shape of the mold but experiences some shrinkage.

 

(a)  

casting and rolling steps may be combined.

(a)  

two or more metal parts are joined to form a single piece when one-part fabrication is expensive or inconvenient.

(a)  

a region adjacent to the weld that may have experienced microstructural and property alterations.

(a)  

a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled.

(a)  

used to describe the ability of an alloy to be hardened by the formation of martensite as a result of a given heat treatment.

(a)  

treatment is terminated by cooling in air

(a)  

A standardized laboratory test used to assess the hardenability of ferrous alloys.

(a)  

used to refine and improve the grain structure.

(a)  

used to indicate the rate of cooling; the more rapid the quench, the more severe is the quench.

(a)  

changes occur by the coalescence of the powder particles into a denser mass in a process.

(a)  

a suspension of clay and/or other nonplastic materials in water.

(a)  

The molding or shaping of clay-based ceramics that have been made plastic and pliable by adding water.

(a)  

A body that has been formed and dried but not fired.

(a)  

the gradual formation of a liquid glass that flows into and fills some of the pore volume.

(a)  

The flammability resistance of the remaining combustible polymers may be enhanced by additives

(a)  

the process by which fibers are formed from bulk polymer material.

(a)