Greek Atom

Four Essences: wet, dry, hot, & ______.

Greek Atom

Four Substance: earth, water, fire, & ______.

How many substances/elements are identified?

How many substances/elements are naturally occurring?

How many substances/elements are artificially produced?

Particles smaller than atom.

Hook-and-eye affair.

He showed that elements could be classified according to integral values of atomic mass.

First periodic table of elements.

All soft metals that combine readily with oxygen and react violently with water.

Easily vaporized and combine with metals to form water-soluble salts.

Highly resistant to reaction with other elements.

Plum pudding

Plum: (-) negative electric charges (electrons)

Pudding: (+) a shapeless mass of positive electrification

Nuclear Model

He disproved Thomson's model

He concluded that electrons were integral parts of all atoms.

The electrons revolved about the nucleus in prescribed orbits or energy levels.

More accurately described the details of atomic structure

Atom smasher

It is used in mapping the structure of atomic nucleus.

It is composed of quarks and gluons (subatomic particles).

Group 1 elements

Group VII elements.

Group VIII elements.

He described the atom as containing a small, dense, positively charged center surrounded by a negative cloud of electrons.

He called the center of the atom the nucleus.

He investigated the physical properties of cathode rays (electron).

Miniature solar system.

He improved Rutherford's description of the atom.

Location: orbital shell

Mass in kg: 9.1 x 10^-31

Charge: -1

Location: nucleus

Mass in kg: 1.673 x 10^-27

Charge: 1

Location: nucleus

Mass in kg: 1.675 x 10^-27

Charge: 0

The mass of a neutral atom of an element.

Number of protons plus number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Same number of electrons and protons.

Determine the chemical behavior of an atom.

Determine the chemical element.

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons.

The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom = group in the periodic table and determines the valence of an atom.

Principal Quantum Number

Orderly Scheme of Atomic Progression

Interrupted in ______ period

Atoms associated with the phenomenon mentioned above.

The force that keeps an electron in orbit.

Center-seeking force

The force that causes an electron to travel straight and leave the atom.

Flying-out-from-the-center force

The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus.

The primary constituents of x-ray tube target.

Radiographic & fluoroscopic contrast agents.

The important component of human tissue.

The amount of energy (34 keV) necessary to ionize tissue atoms.

The alphabetic abbreviations of an element.

It determines the chemical properties of an element.

Number of protons.

Number of protons plus number of neutrons.

Its A & Z are equal.

It is determined by the relative abundance of isotopes & their respective atomic masses.

Nuclear arrangement that has the same atomic number but different atomic mass and neutron number.

Nuclear arrangement that has the same atomic mass number but different neutron and atomic number

Nuclear arrangement that has the same neutron number but different atomic mass and atomic number.

Nuclear arrangement that has the same atomic number, atomic mass, and number of neutron.

It decays to technetium-99

The group of atoms of various elements.

Common table salt.

Any quantity of one type of molecule.

The chemical union between atoms formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.

The bonding that occurs because of an electrostatic force between ions.

Baking soda

The emission of particles and energy in order to become stable

The process by which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transforms itself into another atom to reach stability.

Radioactive atoms that have the same number of protons

Two primary source of naturally occurring radioisotopes

Changing of an atom from one type of element to another

Neutron undergoes conversion to a proton

Nucleus loses 2 units of positive charge and 4 units mass

Chemically different atom and an atom lighter than 4 amu

The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value.

It described the rate of radioactive decay and the quantity of material present at any given time.

Mass, Energy, Velocity, Charge and Origin

It has finite range in matter.

Equivalent to a helium nucleus

It contains 2 protons and 2 neutron

Light particle

The same with electrons, they only differ in origin

The same mass with electrons

Positrons

Antimatter

The only differ in origin. It is often called photons.

It has unlimited range in matter

No mass and no charged

Travel at the speed of light (c)

Symbol: X

Mass: 0

Charged: 0

Origin: electron cloud

Energy: 0-25 MeV

Range: 0-100 (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)

Ionizing Rate: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles

Symbol: Y

Mass: 0

Charged: 0

Origin: nucleus/radioactive nuclei

Energy: 0-5 MeV

Range: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)

Ionizing Rate: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles)

A type of radiation used in UTZ and MRI

It occurs when the nucleus contains too few or too many neutrons.

It occurs in all radioisotopes

It occurs more frequently than alpha emission

Loss of small quantity of mass and one unit of negative electric charge

To increase the Z by one while A remains the same

It occurs only in heavy radioisotopes

It is much more violent process

It is consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons