WorksheetsExam 1 Review - Neuromotor Control
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 1hrs 22mins
True or False? The field of motor control is directed at studying the nature of movement and how movement is controlled.
True
False
Why is it important to study motor control? How does the field of motor control relate to your own life or future career?
Movement arises from the interaction between three factors: the individual, the task, and the environment. Draw a diagram to reflect these interactions.
Choose a movement. What are some examples of factors from each category (individual, task, environment) that could affect this movement?
Examples of movement constrained by NONREGULATORY features of the environment would include:
The presence of distractions
Drinking from a large mug
Walking on an uneven surface
Picking up a small round ball
Which of the following is the theory we have been focused on mostly in this course? (It is also the most-widely-used theory in research and clinical practice).
Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Motor programming theories
Systems theory
Ecological theory
A clinical implication of systems theory would be that:
Movement is solely determined by the output of the nervous system
Examination and interventions should focus on the interacting impairments among multiple systems
Understanding the body as a mechanical system is unimportant
Examination and interventions should focus on the impairments within individual systems
Open movement tasks are BEST described as:
Relatively stereotyped tasks with little variation
Tasks that are performed prior to closed movement tasks
Tasks that require the performer to adapt his or her behavior
Predictable tasks that serve as a progression for movement retraining
Recovery of (a) refers to the reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury.
_____ ________ (two words) refers to the study and understanding of acquisition and/or modification of skilled actions.
(a)
True or False? A key part of the definition of motor learning is that it produces relatively permanent changes in behavior vs. temporary improvements in performance.
True
False
True or False? Nondeclarative (implicit) memory refers to knowledge that can be consciously recalled (e.g., facts, events).
True
False
Draw a diagram showing the different sub-types of nondeclarative (implicit) and declarative (explicit) forms of learning.
Talk a little about the role of variability in Schmidt's Schema Theory. Is it good? Is it bad? Does it help or hinder learning?
True or False? Newell's Ecological Theory of motor learning emphasizes dynamic exploratory activity of the perceptual/motor workspace to create optimal strategies for performing a task.
True
False
A principle of operant conditioning would be:
Behaviors that are rewarded tend to be repeated
Behaviors that are followed by an aversive outcome are often repeated
Behaviors that are inconsistently rewarded are never repeated
Behaviors that are followed by aversive stimuli are often rewarded
One of the predictions of schema theory is:
that accurate skilled movement can occur without a set of rules
that skilled movement will not occur without sensory feedback
that variability of practice should improve motor learning
that accurate skilled movement can only occur if there is a memory trace
Which of the following theories of motor learning emphasizes the gradual process of releasing degrees of freedom of joints?
Fitts and Posner's Three-Stage Model
Bernstein's Three-Stage Approach
True or False? Gentile's Two-Stage Model is the same no matter if the task is closed or open.
True
False
(a) is the most important factor in retraining motor skills.
In __________ practice, the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials. In __________ practice, the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial.
Massed / Distributed
Distributed / Massed
Constant / Variable
Variable / Constant
Which of the following pre-injury factors can be considered neuroprotective?
Preinjury exercise
Environmental enrichment
Diet
All of the above
____________ refers to the same signal being processed simultaneously among many different brain structures for different purposes.
Hierarchical processing
Parallel distributed processing
Which of the following is the most basic unit in the central nervous system, known for transmitting electrical signals via action potentials?
spinal cord
synapse
neuron
brainstem
Which of the following is known as the brain's "switchboard" or "traffic cop," and is responsible for relaying incoming information to the appropriate area?
Basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Brainstem
Which of the following is the brain's highest level of motor control hierarchy, responsible for identifying targets in space, choosing a course of action, and programming movements?
Brainstem
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Cerebral Cortex
Which of the following is the area of the brain associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Thalamus
Which of the following brain areas is associated with feedback loops, and is especially important in the process of motor learning?
Motor cortex
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
Brainstem
Briefly discuss the differences in ascending and descending pathways. Which types of information are processed by each? Which structures of the nervous system are involved in each?
Draw a diagram showing the types of information and brain structures involved in ascending & descending pathways.
True or False? Association cortices link information from several senses (e.g., touch, vision, and movement).
True
False
In the visual system, _____ are responsible for processing color and daylight vision, whereas _____ are responsible for night vision.
Rods / Cones
Cones / Rods
The (a) system is sensitive to two types of information: the position of the head in space, and sudden changes in the direction of head movement.
Talk briefly about the continuum of neural plasticity, focusing on the transition from changes in signal strength to eventual structural changes in the nervous system.
__________ is the PROCESS, __________ is the PRODUCT.
Learning / Memory
Memory / Learning
Which of the following is the brain structure involved in DECLARATIVE learning, where long-term potentiation takes place?
brainstem
cerebellum
basal ganglia
hippocampus
Explain the role of attention during the shift from explicit to implicit memory in motor learning. During which phase of motor learning is the most attention required? The least?
At which stage in the motor learning process is the somatosensory cortex most essential? (Hint: Think of the cat-in-a-box example!)
The beginning, when the individual is still learning the skill
The end, when the skill has been mastered and the thalamocortical pathway has become most efficient
The somatosensory cortex is equally important throughout the entire process
Which of the following refers to initial or early recovery, which occurs independent of any sort of external intervention?
Spared function
Activity-induced recovery
Spontaneous recovery
True or False? Neurons in the CENTRAL nervous system can regenerate. Neurons in the PERIPHERAL nervous system cannot regenerate.
True
False - Neurons in neither system can regenerate
False - Neurons in the PERIPHERAL nervous system can regenerate. Neurons in the CENTRAL nervous system cannot regenerate.
Draw a diagram showing a neuron in two phases: 1) in the beginning just after a lesion where there is significant edema (swelling), and 2) later in the recovery process where the edema surrounding the lesion has gone down.
Think of an example of an injury or some sort of nervous system damage (e.g., a limb is amputated; someone has a stroke). Briefly talk through the process of cortical remapping following this injury or nervous system damage. How are people's brains able to adapt through rehabilitation programs? How does the representation of certain functions change? (Hint: Think about the example where they taught monkeys how to pick things up using only 3 fingers, and what that did to their brains!)
What are signs vs. symptoms? Give an example of each in the context of an injury.
True or False? SECONDARY impairments do not result from a CNS lesion directly, but rather as a result of the original problem.
True
False
Abnormal (a) refer to abnormal coupling between related muscles. These are also commonly referred to as "coactivation," and can be observed after damage to the motor cortex. (Hint: Think of the case study example of Jean, the woman who had had a stroke!)
What is an example of an assessment that might be used to assess someone's coordination, and thus to determine if they might have damage to their cerebellum? (Hint: Think of the case study video example, and also about the demos we did in class!)
__________ refers to abnormal muscle tone. __________ refers to muscle weakness.
Spasticity / Paresis
Paresis / Spasticity
Hemiplegia / Paresis
Spasticity / Hemiplegia
True or False? Impairments in the visual and/or vestibular system have no effect on movement.
True
False - impairments in the visual, but not vestibular, systems can impair movement
False - impairments in the vestibular, but not visual, systems can impair movement
False - impairments in both the visual and vestibular systems can impair movement
On a scale of 1-5, how confident/prepared are you feeling about the exam?
1 - Not confident/
prepared at all
2
3 - Moderately confident/
prepared
4
5 - Extremely confident/
prepared
What concepts are you still confused about/struggling with? What are you worried about on the exam? How can I help?
