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Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology

Total questions: 85

Worksheet time: 43mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: 
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
2.
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage 
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
3.
Which of the following is TRUE?
a)
People underestimate the accuracy of their judgments.
b)
People pay closest attention to information that disconfirms what they believe.
c)
It is difficult for most people to explain away their failures.
d)
People are overconfident about how they will perform on various tasks.
4.
Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third.  This best illustrates:
a)
framing.
b)
belief bias.
c)
representativeness heuristics.
d)
confirmation bias.
5.
Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as: 
a)
the representativeness heuristic.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
confirmation bias.
d)
functional fixedness.
6.
In English, it is appropriate to refer to “a pretty bird,” but not to “a bird pretty.”  This best illustrates the importance of:
a)
syntax.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
7.
Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This illustrates: 
a)
telegraphic speech.
b)
linguistic determinism.
c)
functional fixedness.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
8.
Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"? 
a)
B. F. Skinner
b)
Benjamin Lee Whorf
c)
Noam Chomsky
d)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
9.
Which of the following is NOT included as part of today’s general definition of intelligence?
a)
the ability to solve problems
b)
nthe ability to use knowledge to adapt to new situations
c)
the ability to understand people and emotions
d)
the ability to learn from experience
10.
Problem solving is one type of cognitive activity in which we all engage.  Which of the following cognitive tendencies is seen to be an obstacle to problem solving?
a)
availability heuristic
b)
insight
c)
prototype confusion
d)
confirmation bias
11.
A typical one-year-old child:
a)
uses telegraphic speech.
b)
imitates two-word phases.
c)
is in the cooing stage.
d)
has lost the ability to discriminate phoneme sounds outside her native language.
12.
Noam Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition holds that people have an inborn universal grammar that makes learning of language easy for children.  Which of the following statements is used as support for this theory?
a)
Children repeat words that they hear frequently.
b)
Regardless of the language learned, children tend to make similar errors of grammar when they first begin to learn language.
c)
Chimpanzees and other apes can easily learn language.
d)
Some children’s vocabularies are extensive, despite the fact that they may live in poor environments
13.
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of: 
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
an algorithm.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
14.

How many components does the Multi-store model of memory contain?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

15.

What action is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory?

a)

Attention

b)

Rehearsal

c)

Retrieval

d)

Chunking

16.

Which of the following points is NOT a valid criticism of the multi-store model?

a)

It isn't supported by any scientific evidence.

b)

It wrongly emphasizes structure over process.

c)

It argues that memory works in a linear direction.

d)

It over emphasizes the importance of rehearsal.

17.

Which of the following components is the odd one out?

a)

Central Executive

b)

Sensory Store

c)

Phonological Loop

d)

Episodic Buffer

18.

Baddeley, Thompson and Buchannan (1975) demonstrated which effect to support the working memory model?

a)

Word Length Effect

b)

Primacy Effect

c)

Recency Effect

d)

Phonological Similarity Effect

19.

Which definition best describes the term 'Schema'?

a)

A process of memory involving the transfer of information to internal mental structures.

b)

A reflection of an object or an event in the mind.

c)

A sequence of actions or events.

d)

A mental representation that influences our knowledge, beliefs and expectations.

20.

In the Bransford and Johnson (1972) schema study, which condition had the highest number of ideas correctly recalled?

a)

No context

b)

Context before

c)

Context after

d)

Partial context

21.

Which of the following statements best describes Albert Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy?

a)

I am the best at everything

b)

I can do whatever I set my mind to do

c)

My future is bright

d)

I am my own boss

22.

Which of the following statements does not belong to System 2 of the Dual Process Model of thinking and decision making?

a)

Abstract

b)

Conscious reasoning

c)

Slow and requiring effort

d)

Not logic based and prone to error

23.

Which of the following statements is a genuine strength of the dual process model of thinking and decision making?

a)

There is biological evidence

b)

It provides a holistic explanation

c)

It provides a very clear explanation

d)

It has very low levels of culture bias

24.

When conclusions are drawn based on the information available, this is an...

a)

Interference

b)

Illustration

c)

Implication

d)

Inference

25.
Any system that encodes, stores and retrieves information
a)
Chunking
b)
Memory
c)
Sensory experience
d)
Rehearsal
26.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 memory tasks?
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
27.
Preserves brief sensory impression for only a fraction of a second.
a)
Sensory Memory
b)
Working Memory
c)
Short-Term Memory
d)
Long-Term Memory
28.
Preserves recently  perceived events or experiences for less than a minute w/o rehearsal.
a)
Sensory memory
b)
Working memory
c)
Long-term memory
29.
Organizing pieces of info into smaller units.
a)
Rehearsal
b)
Chunking
c)
Perserverance
d)
Encoding
30.
Retention of encoded material over time.
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
31.
Location and recovery of info from memory
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
32.
Information that is reviewed to keep it from fading.
a)
Chunking
b)
Maintenance Rehearsal
c)
Storage
d)
Retrieval
33.
Has unlimited storage capacity
a)
Working memory
b)
Short-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
d)
Long-term memory
34.
A memory of something that was NOT deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
35.
Memory of something that WAS deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
36.
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
a)
Blocking
b)
Transience
c)
Misattribution
d)
Absent-mindedness
37.
Techniques used to improve memory.
a)
Bias
b)
Persistence
c)
Mnemonic
d)
Transience
38.
A knowledge cluster 
a)
Script
b)
Schema
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
39.
A knowledge cluster about sequences of events.
a)
Script
b)
Schema
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
40.
A rule of thumb
a)
Schema
b)
Script
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
41.

What is the memory process that locates stored information and returns it to consciousness?

a)

retrieval

b)

encoding

c)

storage

d)

interference

42.

The average person can hold in short-term memory a list of

a)

nine items

b)

five items

c)

seven items

d)

eight items

43.

What are the three stages of memory in order?

a)

Sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory

b)

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

c)

Short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory

d)

Long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory

44.

General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in

____________________ memory.

a)

procedural

b)

episodic

c)

semantic

d)

implicit

45.

Memory in which people recall events in great detail is called

a)

flashbulb memory.

b)

semantic memory.

c)

iconic memory.

d)

implicit memory.

46.

If you are having trouble learning new information because old information is getting in the way, we call this concept_________interference

a)

retroactive

b)

anterograde

c)

savings

d)

proactive

47.

Studying for a test in the same room in which it will be held may result in a better grade because of

a)

iconic memory

b)

state-dependent memory

c)

eidetic memory

d)

context-dependent memory

48.

Computers and people both handle information using the process of

a)

recognition, storage, and retrieval.

b)

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

c)

encoding, storage, and forgetting.

d)

encoding, storage, and maintenance.

49.
The process of filing information into your memory is...
a)
Chunking
b)
Encoding
c)
Retrieving
d)
Priming
50.
An image that is flashed before us for only a fraction of a second is captured by our
a)
Short term memory
b)
Echoic Memory
c)
Iconic memory
d)
Long term memory
51.
A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
a)
an algorithm.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
functional fixedness.
d)
belief perseverance.
52.

Charles Spearman created the Two Factor Theory of Intelligence.

a)

True

b)

False

53.

Which of the following is true?

a)

There is NOT a definite definition of intelligence.

b)

There IS a definite definition of intelligence.

54.

The Two Factory Theory of Intelligence states intelligence is measured by which two factors...

a)

Memory and Specific Abilities

b)

Problem Solving and Logical Thinking

c)

General intelligence (problem solving) and specific abilities (verbal and math skills)

d)

Musical and Creative Abilities

55.

Which of the following psychologists suggested there were 7 primary mental abilities all people should be measured by?

a)

LL Thurston

b)

Charles Spearman

c)

Kent Clark

d)

Sigmund Freud

56.

Which of the following critiques the idea that intelligence is the ability to think logically?

a)

Thinking logically omits important skills such as body-kinesthetic abilities and spatial abilities

b)

Thinking logically involves problem solving and critical thinking

c)

Logical thinking equals intelligence, therefore, there is no critique.

d)

None of the above

57.

Howard Gardner believe intelligence is more than the ability to think critically.

a)

False

b)

True

58.

The idea that intelligence is more than logical thinking but also includes important skills such as verbal abilities and musical talent causes critics to think which of the following...

a)

Critics think 8 types of intelligence is way too many

b)

Critics suggest these "intelligence" are really just talent and skills

c)

Critics think verbal abilities and musical talents are learned behaviors

d)

None of the above

59.

Sternberg proposed which of the following theories?

a)

Triarchic Theory

b)

Strength and Talents Theory

c)

Eight Intelligence Theory

d)

G and S Factor Theory

60.
96% of people fall within 30 points of what IQ score?
a)
80
b)
90
c)
100
d)
110
61.
These tests attempt to predict the test takers future performance.  
a)
Aptitude
b)
Acheivement
c)
Assessment
d)
Standardized
62.
Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of: 
a)
predictive validity
b)
factor analysis
c)
the g factor
d)
reliability
63.
Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test in order to measure the _______ of a test. 
a)
validity
b)
reliability
c)
standardization
d)
factor analysis
64.
Validity is...
a)
When tests are administered and scored the same way every time.
b)
The ability to measure what the test was intended to measure
c)
The moment when a test becomes legitimate.  
d)
A test that validates a students intelligence.  
65.
This persons was the first to investigate intelligence to determine a person's mental age
a)
Lewis Terman
b)
Alfred Binet
c)
Charles Spearman
d)
B.F. Skinner⋰
66.
Of the following, which test is the most widely used intelligence test today?
a)
WAD
b)
Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
c)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
d)
Stanford-Binet test
67.
Psychological tests must have two characteristics and they are:
a)
validity and reliability
b)
 correlation and validity
c)
reliability and  foundation
d)
reliability and correlation
68.
The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
a)
Emotional Intelligence
b)
Intelligence Quotient
c)
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
d)
Stanfor-Binet Test
69.
When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be
a)
reliable
b)
standardized
c)
valid
d)
normally distributed
70.

Which of the following is one of Gardner’s types of Intelligences?

a)

Executive Skills

b)

Ethics

c)

Creativity

d)

Musical

71.

Gestalt means

a)

unified whole

b)

fractured whole

c)

imagery perception

d)

cognitive perception

72.

Schemas are

a)

video tapes and photographs of people, places, or things

b)

'packets' of knowledge that correspond to frequently encountered people, objects or situations.

c)

pathways in the brain that enable us to see, hear, and remember pieces of unusual information

d)

one of the many ineffective tricks our brain uses to locate and remember past information

73.

Upon entering a bathroom for the first time you will recognize it is a bathroom but noticing the color of the walls and the layout of the room requires

a)

schema

b)

recognition

c)

memory

d)

encoding

74.

Loftus' research showed that the most problematic source of inaccurate eyewitness testimony was from

a)

witnesses conferring with each other about the events

b)

leading questions by police and lawyers

c)

underdeveloped schema leading to the witness not understanding their surroundings

d)

witnesses not wanting to participate in legal proceedings

75.

Long term memory is defined as

a)

is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information

b)

the unlimited capacity memory store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

c)

bringing a thought or idea learned previously, and thus stored in memory into conscious awareness

d)

The retention of encoded material over time.

76.

Short Term Memory

a)

The retention of encoded material over time.

b)

the process in which information in your memory can be recalled

c)

the part of the memory system where information is stored for roughly 30 seconds

d)

a way of organizing information into familiar groupings.

77.

___________. is an ability that allows people to remember nearly every event of their life with great precision.

a)

hydrocephalus

b)

Hyperthymesia

c)

supranuclear palsy

d)

dementia

78.

Semantic memory

a)

Taking a photograph in one's mind of a specific event

b)

general knowledge that people remember, like counting by 10s

c)

memory of a specific event that took place in the person’s presence or through experience

d)

only is lost after a bout of anmesia

79.

Implicit memory –

a)

a memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned

b)

general knowledge memory of a skill or fact that you know but don't remember learning

c)

taking a photograph in one's mind of a specific event

d)

contains only memories of visual stimuli

80.

Perception is

a)

how our brain interacts with our nervous system

b)

how we relay information to others

c)

how we comprehend objects and events in the world around us

d)

what our eyes see

81.

a type of fixation that causes one to approach a problem the same way that has been successful in the past is called your

a)

echoic memory

b)

mental set

c)

mental capacity

d)

Ebbinghaus Curve

82.

The best definition of Cognitive Psychology would be

a)

The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think.

b)

The study of how the brain functions

c)

The analysis of how the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our behaviors, thoughts, and actions

d)

The analysis of sensation within the neural function of the brain.

83.

Transforming incoming information into a usable form is the stage of memory called

a)

organization

b)

storage

c)

encoding

d)

retrieval

84.

__________ is known for memorizing nonsense syllables and plotting a curve of forgetting

a)

Loftus

b)

mneumonic

c)

Ebbinghaus

d)

Luriab

85.

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

a)

long-term memory

b)

short-term memory

c)

iconic memory

d)

implicit memory

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