is part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineering to produce products according to the needs and demand of the society.

is combining elements to change the functionality of a material.

is a substance with high electrical conductivity, luster, and malleability, which readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations).

are materials that consist of molecules formed by long chains of repeating units. They may be natural or synthetic.

are inorganic, non-metallic, crystalline glassy materials that are non-reactive to strong chemicals and can withstand heat.

are materials in which one or more mutually insoluble materials are mixed or bonded together.

are a phase of matter that has definite shape and volume.

have regular ordered arrays of components held together by uniform intermolecular forces.

The atoms in this type of solid are arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern.

These solids usually have flat surfaces or faces, that make definite angles with one another.

It is a product of slow cooling process.

(from the Greek words for "without form") lack the order in crystalline solids.

At the atomic level the structures are similar to the structures of liquids.

do not have the well- defined faces and shapes of a crystal.

do not have the well- defined faces and shapes of a crystal.

it is a product of fast-cooling process

Sharp melting point, they change into liquids at definite temperature

   - Slow cooled

On heating they do not turn abruptly into liquids, but instead. soften and start flowing in semi- salid forms

   - Fast cooled

is a hard mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).

in chemistry it is a solid in which its microscopic particles (atoms, molecules or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered structure.

is a relatively small repeating unit that is made up of a unique arrangement of atoms and embodies the structure of the solid.

its lattice points are occupied by cations and anions, which are held together by electrostatic attraction.

are hard, brittle and has high melting point. Their solid forms are poor conductor of heat and electricity, but their solution can conduct electricity.

are occupied by atoms and are held together by covalent bonds.

They are hard and have high melting point. They are poor conductors of electricity even in solution form

are occupied by molecules and are held by intermolecular forces.

They are soft and has low melting point. They are poor conductor of electricity, even their solution.

are occupied by metal atoms and are held together by metallic bonds, Metallic crystals range from soft to hard and have low to high melting point.

They are very good conductors of heat and electricity.

is the maximum load that a material can support while being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material, that is force per unit area.

is the ability of the material to return to its original shape after stretching.

is the ability of the material to be stretched and not break.

is the ability of the material to be pound and spread into sheet.

A brittle material falls apart upon the application of pressure.

 is the ratio of mass per unit area. Si Unit kg/m^3; English Unit: lb/in^3

is given by the change of size of a material upon increase in temperature. The tendency of a material is to expand on heating. SI Unit per degree Kelvin or K^(-1); English Unit: F^(-1)

is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg (1 g) of a substance by 1K (1C)

is the amount of energy needed to change the phase of a substance.

is the ability of the material to conduct heat or electricity through a unit cross sectional area of a material.

is the resistance of a material to deformation upon application of force

is the degree to which a material can be magnetized.

indicates the elements that are present in a material. It affects the physical properties of that materials.

an oxidation process

ability to resist oxygen of the atmosphere.

 is affected by many factors such as humidity, exposure to acidic or basic solution. On many cases, corrosion is undesirable. Materials are engineered to resist corrosion, as in the case of stainless steel.

is steel with added chromium. It's chromium (chrome) that do the oxidation resistance characteristics.

has a pH (potential hydrogen) of below 7,

has a pH of above 7

has a pH of exactly 7.

is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more forms.

its all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions with the exception of hydrogen.

are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.

are elements that possess metallic properties.

are abundant in minerals and sea water. It includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium.

are called alkali metals. Alkali metals are abundant in minerals and sea water. It includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium.

are from beryllium to radium. It is called alkaline earth metals. It includes beryllium, magnesium, calcium. strontium, barium, radium.

Sulfide ores of zinc, Zn, cadmium, and mercury, Hg.c Group 12 metals serve as raw materials in metallurgy. These metals are located immediately after the transition metals in the periodic table but they do not behave like transition metals.

Aluminum, this group exists as aluminosilicates in the Earth's crust and is more abundant than iron. The properties of aluminum are well known as it is widely used and encountered in every day life, for example in one-yen coins, aluminum foil, cooking pans, aluminum window sashes, etc.

This group of metals consist the ten isotopes of tin, Sn, Sn-118 (24.22%) and Sn- 120 (33.59%) are the most abundant. Metallic tin is present as a tin (gray tin), which is stable below 13.2 °C and B tin which is stable at higher temperatures. At low temperatures, the phase transition is quick. Pb-208 (52.4%) is the most abundant among the four stable isotopes of lead, Pb. Lead is the end product of natural radioactive decay and has 82 protons. The atomic number 82 is important as it is especially stable. Thus, Pb exhibits high abundance for a heavy element.

are metals that contain iron.

 It is magnetic and prone to rust and corrosion.

are widely used in construction, engineering, and manufacturing industries due to their durability, tensile strength, and magnetic properties

is an alloy of carbon and iron which constitute carbon up to 2.1%. Pure iron is soft metal and as the carbon content in it increases, the metal becomes harder and tougher.

are grouped according to their carbon content from low, medium and high carbon. Hardness, strength and often brittleness increase with increasing carbon content. impurities such as phosphorus or sulfur will lower the ductility and malleability of steel.

is steel that is alloyed with a variety if elements between 1% and 50% by weight to alter its mechanical properties. The main advantages of alloy steels are the ability to respond to heat treatment, improved corrosion resistance, improved properties at high and low temperatures and combination with high strength with good ductility

consists of more than 2% carbon. The high carbon content makes them excellent materials to use for casting and at much lower temperatures than those required to cast steel Cast iron is brittle and easily break by hammer.

is produced if most of the carbon is combined chemically with the iron, performed by rapidly cooling it within molds. It is very hard and brittle, and used for machinery parts which are subjected to excessive wear, such as crusher jaws and grinding mill balls and liners.

is softer, with good compressive strength, and is widely used for machinery bases supports.

do not include iron It is non-magnetic and generally resist corrosion better. It include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin.

are used in electrical wiring, plumbing fixtures, roofing materials, and other applications where their resistance to corrosion is beneficial

is produced by electrolysis of bauxite ore. Being only 1/3 c heavy as iron or steel, its low density is one of the most valuable properties aluminum. It is also an important material because of its good conduction of electricity, excellent conduction of heat and high resistance to corrosion

obtained from copper ore which is melted and then further further refined by electrolysis. It is commonly made into castings, wire, bars, plates, tubes.

Its desirable properties are its high electrical conductivity, high heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance and high ductility and toughness.

• High corrosion resistance

• Easy to fabricate machinability, casting, welding, etc

• Great thermal conductivity

• Great electrical conductivity

• Colorful

• Non-magnetic.

• Low density (less mass)

• Durable, great tensile strength

• usually magnetic

• low resistance to corrosion

• a silver-like colour recyclable

• good conductors of electricity

is an oxidation process, a process where oxygen is a reactant.

is one of the greatest adversaries that metals face. It is a natural occurrence caused by the reaction of metal and environmental factors.

One of the most effective ways of corrosion prevention is using metals that are not prone to corrosion. These include

is one form of corrosion. Rust, (hydrate of iron(II) oxide), is a form of corrosion with ferrous (Fe) metals. It is formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water.

is also an oxidation process, but unlike rust, corrosion's effect is thin and only on the surface.

is a corrosion term for non-ferrous metals. The metal loses its luster as a result of its exposure to air or moisture.

is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal in definite proportion.

improves hardness and toughness simultaneously. When added up to 12%, it imparts high corrosion resistance. When added up to 15%, it enhances strength.

When added up to 1-1.5%, it increases toughness, strength and brittleness. When added 11-14%, it imparts high degree of strength.

improves corrosion and heat resistance, elasticity, toughness, ductility and tensile strength.

improves corrosion and abrasion resistance and strength at elevated temperature. Brittleness is eliminated.

improves toughness, abrasion and shock resistance and hardness at higher temperature

improves tensile strength, ductility and shock resistance.