WorksheetsGenetics Final Fall23
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 44mins
In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the characteristic number of chromosomes is called the _______ number. It is usually symbolized as ______.
diploid; n
polyploid; n
haploid; 2n
diploid; 2n
haploid; n
Genetics is defined as the branch of biology associated with______.
replication and recombination
transcription and translation
diploid and haploid
mutation and recession
Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. They proposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis _______.
of predicting patterns of inheritance
of the law of independent assortment
for the determination of DNA a genetic material
of the germ-plasm theory
of the chromosome theory of inheritance
The observable feature of an organism is referred to as a ______.
phenotype
genotype
bryophyte
prototype
karyotype
A primary discovery to generate recombinant DNA molecules was the use of ______.
x-ray diffraction
microscopes
bioinformatics
spliceosomes
restriction enzymes
A _____ is an organism produced by biotechnology that involves the transfer of hereditary traits across species
transgenic organism
vector
frankenfood
mutant
clone
The study of structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes is referred to as ______.
bioinfomatics
cell theory
proteomics
genomics
genetics
______ is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software for processing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.
cloning
genomics
proteomics
recombinant DNA technology
bioinformatics
Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basic biological research are often called ______.
model organisms
recombinant DNA technology
clones
restriction enzymes
vectors
What is the outcome of synapsis, a significant event in meiosis?
side-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomes
dyad formation
chiasma segregation
monad movement to opposite poles
side-by-side alignment of nonhomologous chromosomes
Which of the following is not a source of genetic variation in meiosis?
law of independent assortment
crossing over
the random lining up of chromosomes on the metaphase plate
polar body formation
tetrad formation
Which of the following is incorrect?
an allele is an alternate form of the same gene
a locus is a gene site on a chromosome
a karyotype is generated from a metaphase spread
homologous chromosomes contain identical genetic information
sex chromosomes are not strictly homologous
Which of the following is true about sex-determining chromosomes?
They are independent during meiosis
They act like homologous chromosomes during meiosis so each gamete will get one sex chromosome
They do not participate in meiosis
They have the same gene configuration and same loci
They are always metacentric
A cross between two individuals with different phenotypes that resulted in approximately 50% of each type of offspring would indicate the cross was ______.
true dominant to a heterozygous dominant
a heterozygous dominant crossed to a homozygous recessive
a heterozygous dominant crossed to a heterozygous recessive
true breeding dominant to recessive
a homozygous recessive crossed to a heterozygous recessive
Which of the following describes the product law?
the probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their individual probabilities
The product of the sum of the probabilities of two simultaneous events describes the ability of those two events to occur together
The probably of two linked events occurring simultaneously is equal to the probabilities of each individual event
The probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the sum of their individual probabilities
The probabilities of two events occurring in a specific sequence are the product of their individual probabilities squared
Which genotypic ratio is likely to occur in crosses of two completely dominant, independently segregating gene pairs when both parents are fully heterozygous?
2:4:6:8
1:1:1:1
9:3:3:1
3:2:3:1
3:1
When performing a dihybrid cross for the traits round/wrinkled and yellow/green, which of the following results best demonstrates that the unit factors from each trait was assorting independently?
finding the Punnett square and branched diagram methods yielded the same results
finding only two visible traits in the F1 generation, but four visible traits among the F2 offspring
finding that round is dominant to wrinkled and yellow is dominant is green
the 9:3:3:1 ratio of the F2 generation
finding a 3:1 ratio of round:wrinkled and a 3:1 ratio of yellow:green in the F2 generation
How many kinds of gametes will be expected from an individual with the genotype PpCcTTRr?
16
4
1
2
8
According to Mendel's model, because of the _____ of chromosomes during meiosis, all possible combination of gametes will be formed in equal frequency.
chromosomal theory of inheritance
independent assortment
law of segregation
law of unit factors
product rule
For which of the following questions would you use the sum law?
determining the chance of pulling an ace from a deck of cards
determining the chance of pulling either a club or a heart from a deck of cards
determining the chance of rolling a 5 on a six-sided die
determining the chance of having a baby girl
determining the chance of having a tall plant with purple flowers
In a pedigree analysis a male child with a particular trait has two parents that do not exhibit the that trait. Which of the following represents the most likely scenario?
the trait is inherited as an autosomal recessive and the genotypes of the child a his parent can be determined
the trait is inherited as an autosomal recessive an the genotypes of the child and parents cannot be determined
the trait is inherited as an autosomal dominant and the genotype of the child and his parents can be determined
the trait is inherited as an autosomal recessive and the genotype of the child can be determined but not the genotypes of parents
the traits inherited as an autosomal dominant and the genotypes of the child and parents cannot be determined
Rare autosomal dominant diseases are ______.
typically more severe in homozygous dominant individuals
typically more severe in homozygous recessive individuals than in homozygous dominant individuals
typically similar in severity in homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals
typically less severe in homozygous dominant individuals than heterozygous individuals
typically not passed on to offspring
To test Mendel's Law of Segregation, the experimenter needs ______.
at least 500 offspring to count
the ability to perform a test cross
a DNA sequencing apparatus
a minimum of two contrasting forms of a gene
access to several generations of data
You have identified a plant in your garden with a new flower color. You want to determine if this phenotype is dominant or recessive. Which cross would tell you this?
crossing the new plant to one you know has the dominant trait
selfing the plant
crossing the plant to one you know has the recessive trait
sequencing the DNA for the trait
crossing the plant to a plant of the same type of any color
Which of the following represents the trihybrid ratio if AaBbCc is selfed?
9:3:3:1
16:9:9:6:6:3:3:1
27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
18:12:15:9:9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1
What information can be obtained from a human pedigree?
Pedigree analysis can help determine how a trait is inherited
Pedigree analysis can help determine where the gene is located on a chromosome
Pedigree analysis can help determine can help determine the type of mutation that caused a specific genetic trait
Pedigree analysis can help identify the chromosome that carries a particular mutation
The following pedigree follows the inheritance of myopia (near-sightedness) in humans. What is the most likely mode of inheritance for this disease? Why?
Recessive, because normal parents can produce affected children
Recessive, because a couple of normal and affected individuals can produce both normal and affected children
Dominant, because a couple of normal and affected individuals can produce both normal and affected children.
Dominant, because normal parents can produce affected children
A mutation in gene that results in a loss of a functional product of that gene best defines what type of mutation?
incomplete dominance
multiple allelism
gain of function
null
codominance
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the ABO gene locus?
dominance/recessiveness
four possible phenotypes
epistasis
multiple alleles
codominance
With which of the following would hemizygosity most likely be associated?
X-linked inheritance
sex-limited inheritance
autosomal dominance
incomplete dominance
codominance
Which of the following statements would be the most likely scenario of offspring of a woman exhibiting an X-linked recessive disorder and a man that does not exhibit the trait?
all offspring will not have the disorder
all daughters will not have the disorder and half the sons will have the disorder
half the daughters and half the sons will have the disorder
all offspring will have the disorder
all daughters will not have the disorder and all sons will have the disorder
A deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait in humans. A phenotypically normal woman (whose father had G6PD) is married to a man with normal G6PD function. What fraction of their sons would be expected to have G6PD deficiency?
1/2
1/4
all
0
not enough information available to determine
Below is a pedigree of a fairly common human hereditary trait in which the boxes represent males and the circles represent females. Shading symbolizes the abnormal phenotype.
Given that one gene pair is involved, what is/are the possible mode(s) of inheritance?
autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, or X-linked dominant
autosomal recessive
X-linked recessive
autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive
autosomal dominant
Pattern baldness is a sex-influenced trait, with heterozygous males exhibiting the trait. What would be the probability of the daughters exhibiting the trait from a woman with pattern baldness and a male without pattern baldness?
100%
0%
50%
25%
not enough information to determine
A trait exhibited in one sex but not the other is referred to as _____.
sex-limited
sex-linked
genomic imprinting
sex-influenced
90% of children that inherit a mutated retinoblastoma gene develop the disease. This represents an example of ______.
expressivity
a conditional mutation
pleiotropy
genetic imprinting
penetrance
Assume that a cross is made between two organisms that are both heterozygous for a gene that shows incomplete dominance. What phenotypic and genotypic ratios are expected in the offspring
3:1, 1:1
3:1, 1:2:1
1:2:1, 1:2:1
3:1, 3:1
1:1, 1:1
The MN blood group is a codominant trait as a result of which of the following?
presence of M cell surface glycoproteins on some blood cells and N glycoproteins on others
presence of M, M/N intermediate, and N cell surface glycoproteins on blood cells
presence of either M , M/N intermediate, or N cell surface glycoproteins on different blood cells
presence of a M/N intermediate cell surface glycoprotein on blood cells
presence of both M and N cell surface glycoproteins on the same blood cell
What is the probability of having a child with the N blood type, if both parents are MN?
1/4
1.0
3/4
0
1/2
A recessive gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome in humans. Assume that a woman with normal vision (her father is color-blind) marries a colorblind male. What is the likelihood that this couple's first con will be color-blind?
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
How do mammals, including humans, solve the "dosage problem" caused by the presence of an X and Y chromosome in one sex and two X chromosomes in the other sex?
They don't, the fact that females have twice as much X chromosome protein products as males is critical for sex determination in mammals
Females produce twice the RNA transcripts as males do, but in females half of them are destroyed before being translated
In males, the X chromosome is up-regulated so that its genes are transcribed and translated twice as much as the X chromosomes in females
In females, one of the X chromosome is condensed and largely inactive so that each sex has one active X chromosome
They don't, but the X chromosome contains genes whose expression is not quantitively sensitive, so the differences are not important
Which of the following is NOT correct for properties of a Barr body?
It is formed as a part of a mechanism for dose compensation
It is a darkly stained region near the nuclear envelope of interphase cells
It is an inactivated X chromosome
It is the same X chromosome in every cell
Which of the following statements about nondisjunction is FALSE?
It only occurs during meiosis I
It may fail to separate maternal from paternal chromosomes
It may fail to separate maternal chromatids from one another or paternal chromatids from one another
It occurs more frequently in human females over age 35
Although the most frequent forms of Down Syndrome are caused by a random error, nondisjunction of chromosome 21, Down syndrome occasionally runs in families. The cause of this form of familial Down Syndrome is _____,
an inversion involving chromosome 21
a chromosomal aberration involving chromosome 1
too many X chromosomes
a translocation between chromosome 21 and 14
a maternal age effect
How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 4 and 6 respectively?
Haploid number of 5
tetraploid number of 10
diploid number of 10
haploid number of 12
How can duplications arise?
uneven crossing over during meiotic prophase
a chromosome break and exchange
spindle failure during chromosome separation
the loss a of telomere
Which of the following statements about the products produced when nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I is true?
Three products of the second meiotic division have too many chromosomes, while one is missing a chromosome for a particular set
Both products of the first meiotic division have too many chromosomes
two products of the second meiotic division have both the maternal and paternal chromosomes of a set and the other two products have none for that set
Both products of the first meiotic division contain dyads representing one chromosome of each homologous pair
What is the specific term that described the loss of one chromosome?
Aneuploidy
Trisomy
monosomy
polyploidy
Cri-du-chat syndrome is due to a _____ in the short arm of chromosome 5.
duplication
segmental deletion
translocation
inversion
Which one of the following statements best describes the evidence that suggests that Down syndrome is more often the result of nondisjunction during oogenesis rather than during spermatogenesis?
The incidence of Down syndrome is due to increasing maternal age is higher than the incidence due to increasing paternal age
Mothers, but not fathers with Down Syndrome can have children with Down Syndrome
The incidence o Down syndrome due to increasing paternal age is higher than the incidence due to increasing maternal
Fathers, but not mothers with Down Syndrome can have children with Down Syndrome
A Robertsonian translocation is considered non-reciprocal because ______.
trisomies of chromosome 21 are viable, whereas monosomies of the same chromosome are not
the smaller of the two reciprocal products of translocated chromosomes is lost
an uneven number of gametes is produced in each meiosis
for every viable gamete formed, there are two inviable gametes formed
Certain varieties of chrysanthemums contain 18, 36, 54, 72, and 90 chromosomes; all are multiples of a basic set of 9 chromosomes. How would you describe these varieties genetically?
aneuploids
autopolyploids
allopolyploids
amphipolyploids
Shown below are two graphs that plot the percentage of fertilized eggs containing males against the atmospheric temperature during early development in (a) snapping turtles and (b) most lizards.
Which of the following TWO statements are consistent with the data presented?
In snapping turtles, sex determination is strongly influenced by temperatures such that males are favored in the 26-34°C range
In snapping turtles, sex determination is strongly influenced by temperatures such that females are favored in the 26-34°C range
Lizards appear to have their sex determined by factors other than temperature in the 20-40°C range
In snapping turtles, sex determination is strongly influenced by temperatures, but there is not range of temperature that favors females
A couple has a son with XYY syndrome, a condition in which an extra copy of the Y chromosome is present. This condition results from nondisjunction. During which meiotic division, and in which parent, could nondisjunction have occurred to produce a child with this condition?
Meiosis I in the mother
Meiosis II in the mother
Meiosis I in the father
Meiosis II in the father
Which of the following elements in responsible for determining male sex in humans?
Pseudoautosomal regions
X-inactivation center
Sex-determining region Y
Male-specific region of the Y
X-inactive specific transcript
Which of the following elements represents a large untranslated transcript involved in inactivation?
Pseudoautosomal regions
X-inactivation center
Sex-determining region Y
Male-specific region of the Y
X-inactive specific transcript
What are pseudoautosomal regions on the sex chromosomes?
They are regions of the X and Y chromosomes that do not recombine during meiosis
They are homozygous regions of autosomal chromosomes
They are homologous regions of the X and Y chromosomes
They are hemizygous regions of the X and Y chromosomes
A human with the karyotype 48, XXXY forms ____ Barr bodies?
0
1
2
3
A male patient with a family history of Fragile-X comes in to have his CGG copy number tested and finds that it is 102. What will be possibilities which he can pass Fragile-X to his kids?
He can pass it on to all his sons.
He can pass it on to some of his sons
He cannot pass it on to any of his sons
He can pass it on to some of his daughters
What is the theoretical limit of observed recombination due to crossing over?
1%
25%
50%
100%
A linkage group ______.
represents some of the genes located on the same chromosome
is a collection of genes that never produce recombinant gametes
is a chromosomal region in which crossing over cannot occur
can occur only on an autosome
If two genes on the same chromosomes exhibit complete linkage, what is the expected F2 phenotypic ratio from a selfed heterozygote with the genotype a+b// ab?
3:1
1:1
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1
How can the order of three linked genes (A, B, and C) on the same chromosome be determined?
Look for single-crossover phenotypes involving the wild-type and mutant alleles of genes A, B, and C.
Look for parental phenotypes
Gene order cannot be determined by looking at the results of a cross
Look for double-crossover phenotypes involving the wild-type and mutant alleles of genes A, B, and C.
Genes A and B are 10 map units apart and genes B and C are 20 map units apart, with gene B located between genes A and C. What would be the expected amount of double crossovers for a trihybrid test cross?
20%
0.2%
15%
2.0%
30%
What is the unit of distance between genes based on a physical map?
inches
centiMorgans
map units
base pairs
lod scores
What percentage of the human genome codes for the proteins in humans?
15%
23%
about 2%
about 7.5%
70%
The genetic rearrangement that Barbara McClintock discovered was called ______ and the mobile genetic elements she discovered were called _____.
transposition, transposable elements
transposable elements, transposition
transference, transferable elements
mutation, mutable elements
transposition, transposables
Some organisms contain much larger amounts of DNA than are apparently "needed." This is more typical in _____.
viruses than in bacteria
RNA viruses than in DNA viruses
eukaryotes than in prokaryotes
haploids rather than diploids
prokaryotes than in eukaryotes
Which of the following characteristics do bacterial chromosomes share with eukaryotic chromosomes? Both are composed of _____.
single-stranded DNA
single-stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
linear RNA
circular DNA
Which of the following statements regarding mitochondria and chloroplasts is false?
They both typically contain circular, double-stranded DNA
They are inherited through maternal cytoplasm in most organisms
Mitochondria typically contain many more introns than chloroplasts
They contain genetic information remarkably similar to bacteria and viruses.
With which of the following structures does histone H1 directly associate?
nucleosome core particle
H2A/H2B tetramer
the histone octamer
linker DNA
H3/H4 tetramer
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with histones?
Histones octamers are found within nucleosome
Histones are negatively charged
There are five types of histones
Histones play a role in DNA folding
Histones can be chemically modified
Which of the following characteristics is true of heterochromatin?
include regions of DNA that remain largely uncoiled
found in genetically active regions of chromosome
stain more deeply during interphase
replicates early during S phase
not located within centromeres or telomeres
Which type of DNA repair removes via cut-and-patch mechanism a variety of bulky lesions, like pyrimidine dimers and nucleotides to which various chemical groups have been attached?
nucleotide excision repair
base excision repair
mismatch repair
double-strand breakage repair
all of these are correct
What is the proper order of the steps involved in nucleotide excision repair?
1. Release of the damaged DNA segment between the incisions
2. Sealing of strand by DNA ligase
3. Lesion recognition
4. separation of the duplex's two strands in the region of the lesion in preparation for its removal
5. Filling of gap by DNA polymerase
6. Cutting of the damaged strand on both sides of lesion by endonucleases
3-4-6-5-1-2
3-4-6-1-2-5
3-6-4-1-5-2
3-4-6-1-5-2
3-6-4-2-1-5
Which DNA repair mechanism recognizes a distortion in double helix geometry caused by DNA polymerase's insertion of an incorrect nucleotide during replication, one that escaped the enzyme's proofreading exonuclease?
nucleotide excision repair
base excision repair
mismatch repair
double-strand breakage repair
transcription-coupled pathway
What must the mismatch repair system be able to distinguish in order to tell which nucleotide of a mismatched pair to replace?
1) It must be able to distinguish the newly-made strand from the parental strand.
2.) It must be able to distinguish which chain possesses the newest phosphate groups.
3) It must be able to distinguish which chain contains the ribose sugars
4) It must be able to distinguish which contains the oldest phosphate groups.
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
In mammalian cells, a complex of proteins binds to the broken ends if the DNA duplex and catalyzes a series of reactions that rejoin the broken strands. This is an example of what kid of repair?
nucleotide excision repair
base excision repair
mismatch repair
double-strand breakage repair
nonhomologous end joining
A double-stranded breakage repair pathway that requires the presence of a second chromosome carrying the same sequence of genes as the damaged chromosome is called _____.
nonhomologous end joining repair
homologous recombination
NHEJ
DNA methylation repair
nonhomologous recombination
A mutation that relieves the effects of a previous mutation is called a(n)
spontaneous mutation
induced mutation
dominant negative mutation
loss of function mutation
suppressor mutation
What is the common influence of ultraviolet light on DNA?
tautomeric shifting
adduct formation
depurination
deamination
generation of pyrimidine dimers
How are retrotransposons different from other transposons?
They use an RNA intermediate
They use integrase
They use reverse transcriptase
They use a "copy and past" mechanism
All of these are differences
A class of mutations that results in multiple contiguous amino acid changes in proteins is likely to be which of the following?
recombinant
frameshift
transversion
transition
base analog
Transposons, or jumping genes, are DNA elements that move withing the genome. In which organisms are transposons found?
mommals
ancient bacteria
bacteria
eukaryotes
all organisms
How many tautomeric shift leaf to a mutation?
It allows the insertion of one or more bases in the template strand of DNA
It allows deletion of one or more bases in the template strand of DNA
It allows hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases of the same strand of DNA
It allows hydrogen bonding of normally noncomplementary bases
Most mutations in a diploid organism are recessive. Why?
In most cases the mutations are random and have a deleterious effect on an organsim
In most cases the product from the mutated gene has a lower affinity to the biological targets of the normal genetic product
In most cases the product from the mutated gene is usually degraded by the product from the normal gene
In most cases, the amount of product from one gene of each pair is sufficient for production of a normal phenotype
What experimental evidence suggests that the N-terminal tails of histones participate in the formation of higher-order chromatin structure?
The tails cause histones to denature
The tails when acetylated cause the dissolution of the 30-nm fiber.
Chromatin fibers prepared with H4 histones lacking their tails cannot fold into higher-order fibers
Chromatin fibers prepared with H4 histones processing longer tails cannot fold higher-order fibers
Chromatin fibers lacking tails are shorter
