a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material

a mutation in which a single pair of nucleotides at a certain point in the gene sequence is altered.

A protein, a phosphate, and a nucleic acid

A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil)

A nucleic acid, a fatty acid, and a sugar

A code of the DNA molecule

A protein of the DNA molecule

A backbone of the DNA molecule

A nitrogen of the DNA molecule

The Code (information for life)

The Protein

The Backbone

The Nitrogen

DNA is a single strand

DNA is a double helix polymer made up of repeating nucleotides (monomers) bound covalently to each other.

The two polymer strands run parallel from one another.

The two polymer strands run vertically and horizontally

The two polymer strands run in opposite directions. They are directional and antiparallel.

Held together by specific complementary hydrogen bonds between opposing nitrogen bases (A-T and C-G)

Held together by specific nitrogen bonds between opposing hydrogen bases

Guanine (G to C)

Cytosine (C to G)

Adenine (T to A) or (A to T)

Uracil

Guanine (G to C)

Cytosine (C to G)

Adenine (T to A) or (A to T)

Uracil

Parent strand unwinds and separates (relaxing) by actions of helicase (DNA)

Original parent double strands remain intact and two completely new double helix strands are synthesized and created.

Parent strand unwinds and separates (relaxing) by actions of helicase (DNA)

Original parent double strands remain intact and two completely new double helix strands are synthesized and created.

New and identical

Old and not identical

Half old and half new and exactly identical

half old and not identical

Through nitrogen base pairing by actions of DNA polymerase

Through complementary base pairing by actions of DNA polymerase (builds)

Through protein base pairing by actions of DNA polymerase

Creates new DNA molecules

Replicates and dying DNA molecules

Creates new proteins

Seals any breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Replication potentially shortens the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Replication creates eukaryotic chromosomes

Replication replicates dying DNA molecules

Maintained by the action of the ribosomes

Maintained by the actions of the DNA molecules

Maintained by the action of the telomerase enzyme.

Maintained by the actions of the fatty acids

Both original parent strands are created and incorporated into newly synthesized strands

Both original parent strands are broken up into small pieces and incorporated into newly synthesized strands.

Mutations are changes in the protein sequence of the DNA strands

Mutations are created only in animal cells

Mutations are created in the fatty acid of the DNA strands

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence (info for life) of the DNA strands.

Mutations can lead to changes in the protein sequence encoded by the DNA.

Mutations can lead to creations in the protein sequence encoded by the DNA

Mutations can only occur in animal cells

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material

a mutation in which a single pair of nucleotides at a certain point in the gene sequence is altered.

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material

a mutation in which a single pair of nucleotides at a certain point in the gene sequence is altered.

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material

a mutation in which a single pair of nucleotides at a certain point in the gene sequence is altered.

In the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum

In the nucleus

In the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum

In the nucleus

genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein (from gene to protein)

genetic information flows only in two directions, from DNA, to RNA, to tRNA

DNA serves as a backbone to make mRNA

DNA serves as a template to make tRNA

DNA serves as a template to make mRNA

rRNA and tRNA assist

mRNA and tRNA assist

Translates proteins to amino acids

Translates amino acids into fatty acids

Translates from nucleic acids to amino acids

1 nucleotide sequence in DNA

2 nucleotide sequences in DNA

3 nucleotide sequence in DNA

4 nucleotide sequence in DNA

3 nucleotide sequence in DNA

3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA

One Single Amino Acid

Two Amino Acids

Three Amino Acids

Four Amino Acids

contains a protein

Contains a sugar ribose

Uses Thymine (uses T, C, G like DNA)

Is single-stranded

Uses Uracil (uses A, C, and G like DNA)

Is produced in the nucleus from DNA template

Carries genetic message to lysosomes

Is produced in the cytoplasmic reticulum from DNA Template

Carries genetic message to ribosomes

Dissolves amino acids

Produced in the nucleus from DNA template

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes

Produced in the endoplasmic reticulum

Each type carries only one type of amino acid

Produced in the nucleolus of the nucleus from DNA template

Joins with fatty acids to form ribosomes

Ribosomes may be free or in polyribosomes (clusters) or attached to ER

Joins with proteins to form ribosomes

Codon

Anticodon

Codon

Anticodon

One

Two

Three

Four

In the Endoplasmic Reticulum

In the Nucleus

In the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

tRNA; DNA template

mRNA; DNA template

RNA; DNA template

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to make the mRNA

Portion of DNA unwinds and unzips at the point of attachment of RNA polymerase

mRNA joins in order to replicate the DNA strands

Bases join in the ordwer dictated by the sequence of bases in the template DNA strand

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides (A, U, C, G) to make the mRNA

Promoter is a piece of DNA upstream that indicates where the RNA polymerase should bind and start

STOP

Promoter is a piece of DNA upstream that indicates where the RNA polymerase should bind and start

STOP

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides (A, U, C, G) to make the mRNA

Promoter is a piece of DNA upstream that indicates where the RNA polymerase should bind and start

STOP

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides (A, U, C, G) to make the mRNA

Newly made premature mRNA must be processed

Addition of a 5' methylguanosine cap and a 3' poly-A tail provides stability and protection (cytoplasm)

(Now mature mRNA leaves nucleus and associates with ribosome on cytoplasm)

Processes proteins

coding regions for amino acids

Removal of the non-coding regions

coding regions for amino acids

Removal of the non-coding regions

proteins

fatty acids

energy

amino acids

sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal

group of three bases complementary to a specific codon of mRNA

a protein contains the sequence of amino acids originally specified in the DNA

a fatty acid contains the sequence of amino acids originally specified in the DNA

tRNAs move in with the appropriate amino acid, the amino acid chain grows

mRNA attaches to the smaller subunit of the ribosome

The larger subunit of the ribosome then joins

AUG is the start codon- a tRNA with the appropriate anticodon (UAC) attaches

mRNA attaches to the smaller subunit of the ribosome

• AUG is the start codon- a tRNA with the appropriate anticodon (UAC) attaches

• The larger subunit of the ribosome then joins

tRNAs move in with the appropriate amino acid, the amino acid chain grows

1 of 3 STOP codons are reached

tRNAs move in with the appropriate amino acid, the amino acid chain grows

The amino acid chain is then processed

• The larger subunit of the ribosome then joins

In eukaryotes, the amino acid chain moves into the endoplasmic reticulum to be further processed.

the anticodon of the tRNA hydrogen binds to the codon of the mRNA by complementary base pairing

the codon of the tRNA binds to the anticodon of the ribosome by complementary base pairing

the amino acid binds to the anticodon of the mRNA and brings the correct tRNA with it

the codon of the mRNA binds the correct amino acid, and the tRNA stabilizes this interaction

DNA to DNA to protein

mRNA to DNA to protein

DNA to mRNA to protein

DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein

10%

20%

30%

40%

one of the two resulting DNA molecules is new.

the two resulting DNA molecules each have one new DNA strand and one old strand from the original DNA molecule

both of the resulting DNA molecules are composed of new strands of nucleotides

the sequence of nucleotides in one strand is conserved, whereas the new DNA molecule consists of a unique sequence of nucleotides

cytosine

uracil

thymine

adenine

one of the subunits of rRNA will not be transcribed from DNA.

amino acids will not be joined to their tRNA.

mRNA cannot bind to rRNA.

an mRNA will not be formed.

Transcription

Translation

RNA processing

replication

transcription, mRNA processing, and termination

DNA replication, transcription, and termination

initiation, transcription, elongation cycle, and termination

initiation, elongation cycle, and termination

mRNA; DNA

DNA;mRNA

DNA;tRNA

mRNA; tRNA

DNA replication

Transcription

intron removal

translation

AUG CGA UUA

AUU AGC GUA

ATG CGA TTA

UAA UCG CAU

chromatin condensation

mRNA translation

DNA transcription

mRNA processing

alternative mRNA processing.

regulation of mRNA translation.

alteration of protein activity.

mRNA editing.

intron

exon

gene

promoter

a frameshift mutation.

a point mutation that does not change the amino acid encoded within the gene.

the movement of a transposon into an exon.

a point mutation that alters the amino acid encoded within the gene.

insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

a mutation in which a single pair of nucleotides at a certain point in the gene sequence is altered.

a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.

a type of genetic mutation that involves the removal of a portion of the genetic material

the characterisitc version of a trait that we actually see

the specific combination of "hereditary particles" carried by an individual that cause a phenotype

when both alleles for the same trait are in the same. Example PP or pp (true breeding)

when alleles for the same trait differ. Example pp (non-true breeding)

a genotype where an individual inherits two copies of a dominant gene

carries two copies of a recessive gene

having different alleles for a particular trait

a genotype where an individual inherits two copies of a dominant gene

carries two copies of a recessive gene

having different alleles for a particular trait

a genotype where an individual inherits two copies of a dominant gene

carries two copies of a recessive gene

having different alleles for a particular trait

place of interest on a chromosome, usually a gene

place in the DNA strand that encodes information causing a trait

Each individual has two factors for each trait

The factors segregate (separate) during the formation of the gametes

Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors

each pair of factors segregates (assorts) independently of the other pairs

all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes

9:3:3:1

3:3:1:3

an inheritance pattern where two alleles blend to create a new phenotype.

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

Females are XX

Males are XY

X is much large and carries more genes

gene on X chromosome

gene on Y chromosome

alternative forms of a gene

place in the DNA strand that encodes information causing a trait

a female who carries an X-linked trait but does not express it.

a male who carries an X-linked trait but does not express it

Sons inherit trait from mothers- son's X comes from mother

more males than females have disorder- allele on X is always expressed in males

Females who have the condition inherited the mutant allele from both their mother and their father

Conditions appear to pass from grandfather to grandson

the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits

codominance

polygenic inheritance

pleiotropy

codominance

incomplete dominance

a multifactorial trait

pleiotropy

codominance

incomplete dominance

Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait

Blonde hair color is an autosomal dominant trait

Blonde hair color is a sex-linked dominant trait

Blonde hair color is a sex-linked recessive trait.

The trait is an autosomal dominant trait

The trait is an autosomal recessive trait

The trait is sex-linked dominant

This is a lethal trait

when more than 1 factor causes a trait or health problem, such as a birth defect or chronic illness.

a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders.

a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders

when more than 1 factor causes a trait or health problem, such as a birth defect or chronic illness.

True, because the dominant gene must be passed down from each parent

True, because at least one dominant gene will be passed down from each parent

False, because one parent could carry the recessive allele

False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele