a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families.

a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives.

a form of government where power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote.

a code of moral laws believed to have been given by God to Moses/Musa.

a document, written by English nobles, as a way to present their demands to the king.

the idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and therefore answer only to God.

a monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in the seventh century AD.

a system of governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law.

a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope’s authority.

in Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe.

the rights of human beings have by nature, such as life, liberty, and property.

a form of government where citizens elect representatives to make laws and policies for them.

a follower of Islam.

a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims.

an Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad.

a dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from AD 661 to 750 and later established the kingdom of al-Andalus.

a dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from AD 750 to 1258.

a centre of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s.

a Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established in the eighth century AD.

the art of beautiful handwriting.

a member of a Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima that built an empire in North Africa, Arabia, and Syria in the 10th to 12th centuries.

a body of laws governing the lives of Muslims.

a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states.

a period of European history, lasting from 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.