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WorksheetsUnit Four APB Review
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 57mins
What is the name of the signaling molecule in cell communication?
ligand
receptor
operon
inhibitor
Choose the correct order of communication.
reception, response, transduction
transduction, reception, response
response, transduction, reception
reception, transduction, response
All signals and receptors are the same in all cells.
True
False
All cells have the same response to the same signal.
True
False
Identify the type of receiver seen here.
G-protein coupled receptor
gated ion channel
RTKs
cAMP
Long distance signals involving hormones are ________ signals.
paracrine
synaptic
endocrine
Adrenaline is released from your adrenal glands to affect various systems in the body. This is an example of ____ signaling.
synaptic
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine
Which are two widely used second messengers?
cAMP
RTK's
Ca2+
sodium
Which kind of receptors are seen here?
G-coupled protein receptor
RTK's
Gated ion channels
Phosphorylation cascades are often used for
reception
responses
amplification
termination
Programmed cell death is known as
mutation
termination
cytokinesis
apoptosis
What type of signaling is shown here?
autocrine
synaptic
endocrine
paracrine
What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?
size
polarity
ability to cross the membrane
all of these
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
cAMP
G-protein
protein kinases
phosphatases
Which two terms describe this image?
long distance signal
local signal
synaptic
paracrine
What is the first step of apoptosis?
the organelles fragment
the cell is engulfed by a scavenger
the DNA is destroyed
The cell blebs
Many cancer cells signal themselves to grow and divide. This is an example of ______ signaling.
long distance
autocrine
paracrine
hormone
After a cellular response, how is it terminated?
separate the ligand and receptor
block the transduction pathway
it will keep responding
send out a different signal
Communication between neighboring/touching cells is common in plants.
True
False
We have discovered a vast majority of cell surface receptor proteins.
True
False
Which of the following represents a signaling molecule that acts long-distance?
hormone
saccharide
second messengers
neurotransmitter
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events involved in signal transduction?
reception, response, transduction
transduction, reception, response
response, reception, transduction
reception, transduction, response
What is a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule called?
modulator
ligand
hormone
neurotransmitter
True/False: steroid hormones (non-polar/hydrophobic molecules) can passively diffuse across membranes.
True
False
What is it called when you add energy to a molecule via the addition of a phosphate
energization
phosphorylation
phosphorylase
cellular communication that occurs through cell junctions
direct contact
local signaling
long-distance signaling
signaling substances
Gap junctions
cell junction in animals cells
cell junction in plant cells
long-distance signaling
signaling substances
plasmodesmata
cell junction in animals cells
cell junction in plant cells
long-distance signaling
signaling substances
a secreting cell will release chemical messages that travel a short distance through the extracellular fluid. The chemical messages will cause a response in a target cell
local regulators
direction contact
long distance signaling
ligand
secretory cells release local regulators (ie growth factors) via exocytosis to an adjacent cell
paracrine signaling
synaptic signaling
gap junction
plasmodesmata
occurs in animal nervous systems when neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft- space between the nerve and the target cell
paracrine signaling
synaptic signaling
gap junction
plasmodesmata
Largests category of cell surface receptors, important in animal sensory systems
GPCRs
Ion Channels
Cation Channels
CPCRs
Located in the plasma membrane, important to the nervous system, receptors act as a gate
GPCRs
Ion Channels
Cation Channels
CPCRs
What are the three parts of signal transduction pathway?
reception, transduction, response
confirmation, transduction, transcription
reception, amplification, transcription
confirmation, amplification, response
Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction?
secondary messengers
protein modification
phosphorylation cascade
ligands
Describe what occurs when the ligand binds to the receptor.
confirmation change in shape of receptor
phosphorylation of ligand
ligand passes through the membrane
receptor binds additional ligands
Which of the following is NOT a response by the cell from a signal transduction pathway?
cell growth
gene expression
secretion of molecules
all of the above are responses
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the cell cycle?
interphase
cytokinesis
mitosis
apoptosis
Which of the following is the stage where the cell no longer divides?
G0
G1
G2
S
Which of the following describes the order of the steps in mitosis?
metaphase, telophase, anaphase, prophase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
Describe the interaction between cyclin and CdK.
cyclin interacts with CdK to initiate the mitotic phase
cyclin is the precursor to CdK, when synthesized allow for mitosis proceed
cyclin acts as an inhibitor to CdK to wait for all DNA to be synthesized
cyclin binds to CdK to initiate DNA replication
Mitosis results in...
2 identical diploid cells
4 unique diploid cells
2 unique haploid cells
4 identical haploid cells
Plant cells can exchange small soluble compounds with neighboring cells directly through junctions in the cell wall called -
gap junctions
thylakoids
stomata
plasmodesmata
Glucagon causes the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose for cells. What conditions would trigger the release of glucagon?
High blood sugar
Low blood pH
High heart rate
Low cellular ATP concentration
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
What is the end result of mitosis?
An undifferentiated stem cell
4 genetically unique haploid cells
2 genetically identical diploid cells
2 genetically unique daughter cells
What would happen is protein phosphatases were defective?
Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.
Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.
Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.
Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.
Which type of feedback loop would mammals use to maintain a constant body temperature or say 124.6 C?
Homeostatic
Postive
Negative
Isotonic
Which hormone is most directly related to osmoregulation?
Insulin
HGH
ADH
Adrenaline
What evidence is there that cell communication is a process that has evolved over billions of years?
Only cells with a nucleus are able to communicate effectively
The processes are very similar in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have much more advanced signaling pathways
Prokaryotic cells are much more efficient at communicating.
Plant cells can exchange small soluble compounds with neighboring cells directly through junctions in the cell wall called -
gap junctions
thylakoids
stomata
plasmodesmata
Which of these is a common type of final response in a signal transduction pathway?
Activation of a G-protein receptor
Transcription of a desired mRNA sequence
Formation of cAMP
Phosphorylation cascade
A mutation in a cell membrane receptor would most likely have what effect on a signal transduction pathway?
Reduce the response of the pathway
An alternative response will be expressed
Increase ligand binding
Increase ligand release from the effector cell
A person with an insulin deficiency would have trouble regulating what condition in their body?
Blood calcium
Blood pH
Blood sugar
Blood temperature
Glucagon causes the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose for cells. What conditions would trigger the release of glucagon?
High blood sugar
Low blood pH
High heart rate
Low cellular ATP concentration
This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?
A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor
Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells
Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins
cAMP is formed activating a desired response
What is a catabolic reaction?
A reaction that requires an input of energy
A reaction that forms complex molecules from simple building blocks
A reaction that releases energy
A reaction that breaks down complex molecules into their components
Why do hormones not affect every cell in the body when they are released?
All cells are affected by a hormone when it is released
A cell needs a specific receptor for the hormone to be affected
A cell must have the proper ATP levels to activate a cellular response
Cells need compatible DNA for the hormone to activate transcription of a gene
Secondary messengers that can activate or deactivate enzymes in a cell are typically part of which step of cell signaling?
Reception
Transduction
Response
Why do mutations in receptor proteins affect cell signaling?
The receptor needs the proper sequence of amino acids to interact with the cell membrane
The receptor needs a specific shape to bind to it's ligand
The receptor must have the right polarity to interact with it's ligand
All of the above
Which of these cellular components are most directly involved with density dependent inhibition in the cell cycle?
Membrane proteins
Spindle fibers
Nucleus
Centrioles
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
When we are dehydrated, ADH is released which causes more water to be absorbed into our bloodstream. What type of feedback does this represent?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Insulin lowering blood sugar
Immune cells releasing inflammatory cytokines
Breathing faster to release excess CO2
Shivering to increase blood temperature
How is negative feedback different from positive feedback?
Negative feedback harms the body
Negative feedback works to reverse a change in a system
Negative feedback is rarer than positive
Negative feedback is slower than positive feedback
What important event happens during the S-phase of the cell cycle?
The mitotic spindle forms
The nuclear membrane breaks down
DNA replication
Sister chromatids separate
After metaphase what phase occurs next in mitosis?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
How much DNA should a daughter cell at the end of cytokinesis have when compared to the original parent cell?
Half the amount
The exact same amount
Double the amount
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Evenly divide the cytoplasm of the cell
Creating an exact copy of a cell's genetic material
Protect an organism from mutations
Ensure genetic material is properly transferred to daughter cells
What is the end result of mitosis?
An undifferentiated stem cell
4 genetically unique haploid cells
2 genetically identical diploid cells
2 genetically unique daughter cells
Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the greatest amount of time in?
S phase
Interphase
M-phase
Cytokinesis
Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle will most likely lead to what disease?
Cancer
Apoptosis
Meiosis
Diabetes
How are cancerous cell different from healthy cells?
The have a much shorter cell cycle
They do not need nutrients to survive
They are reliant upon density dependent inhibition
They have twice as much genetic material
How are cyclins and CDKs involved with the cell cycle?
Cyclins stop the cell cycle from proceeding
Cyclins and CDKs make up a protein ring used to perform cytokinesis
Cyclins activate CDKs, which perform the work of cell division
CDKs are secreted from cells to trigger division in neighboring cells
Cyclin dependent kinases are activated by their associated cyclin proteins. At the G1 checkpoint, activated CDKs signal the cell to continue on to DNA Synthesis (S phase). p53 is a protein that acts as a CDK inhibitor, blocking the action of CDK and preventing cells from continuing on to the S phase if their DNA is damaged. If a cell acquires a mutation which inactivates p53, how will it likely affect the cell cycle?
Cells with DNA damage will move through the cell cycle more slowly resulting in slower wound healing
Cells with damaged DNA will progress through the cell cycle, resulting in the potential development of a cancerous tumor
Cells with damaged DNA will no longer be able to divide and will be sent to the G0 phase
Another protein will take over the role of p53 and the cell cycle will proceed normally
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form.
The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets will rush to the site of damage and adhere to the vessel beginning the formation of a blood clot. These platelets will then release a chemical into the bloodstream, which recruits even more platelets to rush to the site of damage. As more platelets accumulate, more of the signaling chemical is released into the blood. This process will end when the blood has been sufficiently clotted and active bleeding is no longer occurring. What type of feedback loop is blood clotting an example of?
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
A protein called Sonic Hedgehog plays a key role in vertebrate embryonic development. When this protein is released by secretory cells, it travels through the extracellular fluid and signals adjacent cells to go through the process of cell differentiation (process of cells becoming specialized). Sonic hedgehog is thought to be especially important for the development of the brain and limbs. What type of signaling is this an example of?
Synaptic Signaling (Local)
Paracrine Signaling (Local)
Endocrine Signaling (Long Distance)
Adjacent plant cells have narrow channels called plasmodesmata that pass through the cell walls of the connected cells and allow a cytoplasmic connection between the cells.
Which of the following statements best describes a primary function of plasmodesmata?
They allow the movement of molecules from one cell to another, enabling communication between cells.
They prevent the cell membrane from pulling away from the cell wall during periods of drought.
They eliminate the need to produce signaling molecules and eliminate the need for cells to have receptors for signaling molecules.
They increase the surface area available for attachment of ribosomes and thus increase protein synthesis.
Which of the following correctly matches the molecule with its normal function in a signal transduction pathway?
Adenylyl cylase: converts cAMP into ATP
Protein kinase: transports phosphate groups in and out of the cell
Protein phosphatase: dephosphorylates (removes phosphate groups from) proteins
cAMP: acts as a second messenger to activate G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?
Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP.
Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
Epinephrine diffuses through the plasma membrane; the hormone dimerizes in the cytosol.
Epinephrine is taken into the cell by endocytosis; glycogen is converted to glucose in the endocytotic vesicle.
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form.
The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
Cyclin dependent kinases are activated by their associated cyclin proteins. At the G1 checkpoint, activated CDKs signal the cell to continue on to DNA Synthesis (S phase). p53 is a protein that acts as a CDK inhibitor, blocking the action of CDK and preventing cells from continuing on to the S phase if their DNA is damaged. If a cell acquires a mutation which inactivates p53, how will it likely affect the cell cycle?
Cells with DNA damage will move through the cell cycle more slowly resulting in slower wound healing
Cells with damaged DNA will progress through the cell cycle, resulting in the potential development of a cancerous tumor
Cells with damaged DNA will no longer be able to divide and will be sent to the G0 phase
Another protein will take over the role of p53 and the cell cycle will proceed normally
