Engineer must account for;

(a)  

Structural members subjected to a:

(a)  

Tensile force are often reffered to as

(a)  

Are rather slender, & are often chosen from rods, bars, angles, and channels

(a)  

Usually straight horizontal members and primarily used to carry vertical loads

(a)  

Are primarily designed to resist bending moment, however if they are short and carry large loads, the internal shear force may become quite large

(a)  

When the materials used for a beam is a metal such as steel / aluminum, the (a)   is most efficient when it is shaped

The combination of structural elements and each system is constructed of one or more 4 basic types of stuctures

(a)  

are composed of members that lie in the same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof support

(a)  

have members extending in three dimensions and are suitable for derricks and towers.

(a)  

are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension

(a)  

achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse curvature to that of the cable. The arch must be rigid

(a)  

are frequently used in bridge structures

(a)  

are often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected

(a)  

Frames is generally (a)   from a standpoint of analysis.

The strength of such a (a)   is derived from the moment interactions between the beams and the columns at the rigid joints .

The vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight and snow or rain

(a)  

consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure.

(a)  

can vary both in their magnitude and location.
They may be caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces

(a)  

Load Combination formula

(a)  

In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow or rain can be quite severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of primary concern.

(a)  

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion for their design.

(a)  

When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied gradually.

(a)  

When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading.

(a)  

These loadings result from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the structure.

(a)  

A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the supporting members by one-way action

(a)  

The load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two directions

(a)  

These three equations are referred to as the:

(a)  

These six equations are called the

(a)  

When a structure is in equilibrium under the action of a concurrent force system— that is, the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a single point — the moment equilibrium equations are automatically satisfied, the force equilibrium equations need to be considered.

(a)  

are the actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration

(a)  

usually referred to as loads (e.g., live loads and wind loads), have a tendency to move the structure and are usually known in the analysis.

(a)  

are the forces exerted by supports on the structure and have a tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in equilibrium.

(a)  

are the forces and couples exerted on a member or por-tion of the structure by the rest of the structure. These forces develop within the structure and hold the various portions of it together.

(a)  

always occur in equal but opposite pairs, because each member or portion exerts back on the rest of the structure the same forces acting upon it but in opposite directions, according to Newton’s third l xaw

(a)  

describes the complexity of analysis to determine the reactions.

(a)  

When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these equations, the structure is referred to as

(a)  

Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are

(a)  

Degree of Indeterminacy forBEAMS formula:

(a)  

Degree of Indeterminacy forFRAMES formula:

(a)  

Degree of Indeterminacy TRUSS formula:

(a)  

it maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from the supports

(a)  

it cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large displacements under small disturbances when not supported externally

(a)  

Conditions to determine if a structure is unstable:

(a)  

Degree of indeterminacy is less than 0

(a)  

Degree of indeterminacy is equal to 0

(a)  

Degree of indeterminacy is greater than zero

(a)  

The horizontal loads, induced mainly by wind and earthquake

(a)  

Ely'' =M

Equation?

(a)  

Ely'= Mx+C1
Equation?

(a)  

Ely=Mx^2/2+C1x+C2

Equation?

(a)  

If the deformations disappear and the structure regains its original shape when the actions causing the deformations are removed, the deformations are termed (a)  

The permanent deformations of structures are referred to as (a)  

Such deformations vary linearly with applied loads (for instance, if the magnitudes of the loads acting on the structure are doubled, its deformations are also doubled, and so forth).

(a)  

consists of passing an imaginary section through the truss, thus cutting it into two parts.

(a)  

is one that cannot be classified as being either simple or compound.

(a)  

is formed by connecting two or more simple trusses together.

(a)  

is constructed by starting with a basic triangular element, such as ABC in figure (b) and connecting two members (AD and BD) to form an additional element.

(a)  

is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points. The members commonly used in construction consist of wooden struts, metal bars, angles, or channels.

(a)  

The joint connections are usually formed by bolting or elding the ends of the members to a common plate, called a (a)