WorksheetsBio 101 Study Guide
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
What happens to a plant cell when it becomes turgid?
It swells and becomes firm.
It loses its rigidity and becomes flaccid.
It shrinks and wilts.
It undergoes apoptosis
Why does ice float on water?
Ice is more dense than water
Ice is less dense than water
Ice melts at a higher temperature than water
Ice has a higher boiling point than water
Write the equation for cellular respiration. Which molecule is oxidized, and which is reduced?
Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O. Oxidized: O2. Reduced: C6H12O6
Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O. Oxidized: C6H12O6. Reduced: O2
Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Oxidized: O2. Reduced: C6H12O6
Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Oxidized: C6H12O6. Reduced: O2
Codons are sequences of three:
RNA nucleotides
Ribosomal subunits
Amino acids
DNA nucleotides
Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon where:
recessive alleles are more common than dominant alleles
A single gene influences multiple traits
Multiple genes influence a single trait
Dominant alleles are more common than recessive alleles
How many electrons are needed to fill the valence shell of an atom?
6
8
4
2
Nondisjunction is a meiotic error that leads to:
Polyploidy in all chromosomes, always
Aneuploidy
Extra cells
Anaphase I is a stage of meiosis where:
Sister chromatids separate
Homologous chromosomes separate
Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids
Chromosomes condense and become visible
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
4 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 4 NADH
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
4 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 4 NADH
Haploid cells are characterized by having:
Half the number of chromosomes as diploid cells
Two sets of chromosomes
Two identical copies of each chromosome
The same number of chromosomes as diploid cells
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy is always conserved in chemical reactions.
Energy can be created or destroyed within a closed system
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed
Energy is constantly decreasing in the universe
In a dihybrid cross, the offspring inherit:
Only recessive alleles from both parents
Only dominant alleles from both parents
Four alleles from each parent for two different traits
One allele from each parent for two different traits
Why do autumn leaves show different colors other than green?
Carotenoids are present
Chlorophyll breaks down
New pigments are produced
All are correct
Where do electrons in photosystem II come from?
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Oxygen
Water
Enantiomers are:
Organic molecules with the same structural formula but mirror images.
Organic molecules with a chiral carbon center
Organic molecules that can rotate plane-polarized light.
Organic molecules with an even number of carbon atoms
What are endergonic reactions?
Reactions that require energy input and have a positive Δ G
Reactions that are at equilibrium and have a zero Δ G
Reactions that release energy and have a negative Δ G.
Reactions that have no effect on the overall energy of the system
When conducting an experiment, what is the next step after formulating a hypothesis?
Collecting data
Making a prediction
Analyzing the data
Drawing a conclusion
Mendel's plant experiment conclusions include all of the following except:
Some alleles mask the expression of others
Dominant and recessive traits exist
Genetic traits are determined by the environment
Traits are inherited independently
What is the term for heritable traits that can enhance survival and reproductive success in a local environment?
Adaptations
Mutations
Homologies
Variations
How many electron pairs are found in the valence shell of an atom?
3
1
2
4
Which type of solution causes cells to swell and burst?
Hypertonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypotonic solution
mRNA is made in the nucleus and goes to a ribosome to:
Serve as a template for protein synthesis
Carry genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm
regulate gene expression
Produce ATP molecules.
What is a cleavage furrow?
A protein structure that separates sister chromatids
A structure that connects homologous chromosomes
A process of cell cycle regulation
A region where cytoplasm divides during cell division
How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction produces identical offspring
Asexual reproduction involves the formation of a zygote
Asexual reproduction requires two parents
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes
Do we ever split CO2 in photosynthesis or cellular respiration?
True
False
Organisms with the most similar proteins mean they are more related than those without similarities because:
Ribosomes synthesize proteins
Proteins determine the physical characteristics of an organism
Proteins are involved in essential cellular functions.
Proteins are encoded by genes, which are inherited
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nucleus
What is catabolism?
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
The release of energy from ATP molecules.
The formation of energy-rich molecules from simple molecules
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
Which of the following represents the correct order of mitosis events?
Metaphase - Telophase - Prophase - Anaphase
Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
Telophase - Anaphase - Metaphase - Prophase
Prophase - Anaphase - Metaphase - Telophase
Plants go through cellular respiration all day and night.
True
False
How does the ocean affect the temperature of nearby cities?
By creating a breeze
By reducing temperature fluctuations
By radiating heat towards the cities
By increasing humidity
What are catabolic pathways?
Pathways that synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
Pathways that store energy for future use
Pathways that produce ATP from the breakdown of glucose
Pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
Which cells go into G0 phase?
Cells that are dormant for some time, like nerve cells
Cells in the S phase of interphase
Cells preparing for mitosis
Cells undergoing DNA replication
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
They can't
They change their shape and function to help do jobs
They lower the activation energy
What properties of water allows it to form droplets and support certain lightweight organisms?
Adhesion and surface tension
Cohesion and high heat capacity
Adhesion and high heat capacity
Cohesion and surface tension
The universal genetic code is common to all living organisms and is essential for transmitting genetic information. What is the name of this genetic material?
DNA
RNA
Lipid
Protein
Stop codons signal the termination of:
DNA repair
Transcription
DNA replication
Translation
What is the job of enzymes?
To produce ATP for cellular energy.
To transport molecules across the cell membrane.
To provide structural support to the cell membrane.
To catalyze chemical reactions in the cell by lowering the activation energy.
What is the mass number of an element?
The average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes
The sum of the atomic masses of all the isotopes
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
The sum of the atomic numbers of all the isotopes
DNA triplet is transcribed into a(n):
Ribosome
mRNA anticodon
Protein
RNA codon
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA because:
They are involved in energy production
They have a different number of chromosomes.
They are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
They were once independent prokaryotic organisms.
What are the jobs of lysosomes?
To produce ATP for cellular energy
To store genetic material in the cell.
To transport proteins to their correct locations in the cell.
To break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Trisomy 21 refers to having an extra copy of chromosome:
X
21
23
Y
What is the end product of mitosis in humans?
Gametes
Haploid cells
Diploid cells
Zygotes
According to the fluid mosaic model, how do phospholipids move within the cell membrane?
Phospholipids can move only from the cytoplasmic side to the extracellular side.
Phospholipids can move only from the extracellular side to the cytoplasmic side.
Phospholipids are stationary and do not move within the cell membrane.
Phospholipids can rotate and move laterally within the cell membrane.
Which color reduces overall light energy but still maximizes plant growth?
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
Different organisms have differences in the types and amounts of organic molecules due to:
Differences in the types of sugars they can synthesize.
Differences in the types and amounts of DNA they have.
Differences in the availability of carbon atoms in their environment.
Differences in the types and amounts of enzymes they possess.
Mitochondria is an energy-controlling organelle because:
It regulates the production and distribution of ATP.
It controls the synthesis of lipids.
It breaks down carbohydrates.
It maintains the pH balance of the cell.
What term describes a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area?
Community
Organism
Ecosystem
Population
Deletion mutations involve the loss of:
An entire chromosome
A gene from the chromosome
A nucleotide base from the DNA sequence
An entire codon from the DNA sequence
What is the definition of a polar covalent bond?
A bond between a metal and a nonmetal atom
A bond between two atoms of the same element
A bond between two nonmetal atoms
A bond between atoms with slightly different electronegativities
Cells make up living things:
True
False
Free ribosomes are located in the cytosol and are responsible for:
Breaking down cellular waste.
Exporting proteins from the cell.
Synthesizing cytoskeletal proteins.
Producing lipids.
Heterozygosity can be advantageous in natural selection because:
Homozygotes have higher fitness compared to heterozygotes
Heterozygotes have more genetic variability
Heterozygotes are more resistant to diseases
Heterozygotes have higher fitness compared to homozygotes
How are water molecules held together?
By metallic bonds
By ionic bonds
By covalent bonds
By hydrogen bonds
Translocation is a chromosomal mutation that involves:
Loss of a chromosomal segment
Duplication of a chromosomal segment
Exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes
Gain of a chromosomal segment
Cellulose is an insoluble fiber for humans because:
Cellulose is resistant to hydrolysis.
Cellulose has a rigid and linear structure.
Humans lack the enzyme to break down cellulose.
Cellulose has a high concentration of nonpolar bonds.
What is the amount of ATP produced in cellular respiration?
32-38
2-6
60-72
40-50
A cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides structural support to the cell.
True
False
The phospholipid bilayer structure is:
A single layer of phospholipids forms the cell membrane.
A structure found only in prokaryotic cells.
A network of phospholipids forming the cytoskeleton.
A double phospholipid layer forms the cell membrane with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Steroid molecular structures are characterized by:
Multiple double bonds between carbon atoms.
Long chains of amino acids.
Branched hydrocarbon chains.
Four fused carbon rings.
Which products are made and released in cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
Oxygen and water
Glucose and carbon dioxide
What is passive transport?
The movement of molecules across the cell membrane using ATP.
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient.
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration.
How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from animal cells?
Plant cells pinch inwards at the equator
Plant cells form a cleavage furrow
Animal cells form a cleavage furrow
Animal cells form a cell plate
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
To break down pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
To produce ATP in the cytoplasm.
To produce glucose through photosynthesis.
To accept electrons and transfer them to the electron transport chain.
What type of atoms form stable compounds?
Atoms with a completely empty valence shell
Atoms with a full valence shell
Atoms with a half-full valence shell
Atoms with a completely filled inner shell
What is pinocytosis?
The process of breaking down cellular debris.
The process of engulfing solid particles by cells.
The process of engulfing liquid droplets by cells.
The process of exporting waste products out of the cell.
The secondary structures of proteins refer to:
Regular patterns of folding, such as alpha helix and beta sheet.
The association of multiple protein subunits.
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein.
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Nucleotides make up:
Lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids.
Proteins such as enzymes and antibodies.
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.
Carbohydrates such as glucose and cellulose.
X-linked recessive traits are more commonly observed in:
Females
Males
Both males and females equally
What is a genome?
A specialized organelle for DNA replication
The total number of chromosomes in an individual
The complete set of DNA in a cell or organism
The process of copying DNA within a cell
Carbon is the building block of organic compounds. Which of the following macromolecules is NOT composed of carbon?
Proteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Fruit flies show a higher frequency of eye color allele expression in males because:
The allele is Y-linked and dominant
The allele is X-linked and recessive
The allele is autosomal and dominant
The allele is autosomal and recessive
The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. What is considered a neutral pH?
7
5
2
10
Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells and are responsible for:
Synthesizing proteins.
Regulating cell metabolism.
Storing genetic information.
Producing energy in the form of ATP.
What is the electron donor in redox reactions?
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Meiosis 2 products are different from meiosis 1 products because:
Meiosis 2 results in four genetically unique cells
Meiosis 2 occurs after meiosis 1
Meiosis 2 produces diploid cells
Meiosis 2 involves crossing over events
What are gap junctions?
Junctions that connect plant cells to form a rigid structure.
Junctions that allow for the movement of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.
Junctions that control water movement into and out of the cell.
Junctions that facilitate the transport of large molecules across the cell membrane.
What causes the breakdown of MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor)?
Reaching G2 Checkpoint
Reaching S Checkpoint
Reaching G1 Checkpoint
Reaching M Checkpoint
Which elements are essential to life?
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Calcium
Carbon, Helium, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
Which of the following molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane?
Polar molecules
Large proteins
Hydrophilic molecules
Small non-polar molecules
The cytoskeleton helps cells structure properly by:
Controlling cell division.
Providing support and shape to the cell.
Regulating gene expression.
Coordinating cellular respiration.
What are centromeres?
Organelles responsible for energy production
Membrane-bound compartments in the cell
Enzymes involved in DNA replication
Structures that hold chromatids together
Carbon forms both polar and nonpolar bonds because:
Carbon can form covalent bonds with other elements.
Carbon can form triple bonds.
Carbon has four valence electrons.
Carbon can form double bonds.
The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from:
Protein to RNA to DNA
RNA to DNA to protein
Protein to DNA to RNA
DNA to RNA to protein
A carboxyl group consists of:
A carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a carbonyl group.
A carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group.
A carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom and a nitrogen atom.
A carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group.
What does the atomic mass of an element represent?
The total mass of the element's electrons
The number of protons in the nucleus
The number of electrons in the outer shell
The average mass of all the isotopes of the element
Where does the oxygen that is released in photosynthesis come from?
Water
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
ATP
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation based on limited evidence
A prediction of experimental results
A proven scientific theory
An observation in nature
A ribozyme is:
A small segment of DNA
An RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions
An enzyme that breaks down RNA
A protein that catalyzes reactions
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
To pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, using ATP.
To maintain a resting membrane potential.
To pump sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.
To maintain an equal concentration of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell.
The makeup of nucleotide structures includes:
A nitrogenous base, an amino group, and a sugar.
A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar.
A nitrogenous base, a methyl group, and a sugar.
A nitrogenous base, a carboxyl group, and a sugar.
What is the function of aquaporins?
To transport water across the cell membrane.
To transport lipids across the cell membrane.
To transport ions across the cell membrane.
To transport large molecules across the cell membrane.
How many gamete combinations are possible with 23 chromosomes in an egg combined with 23 chromosomes in a sperm?
About 1,000 genes
About 23 genes
About 8,000,000 genes
About 46,000 genes
Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it to:
Produce proteins that will be exported from the cell.
Break down carbohydrates.
Maintain cell membrane integrity.
Generate ATP.
What are X and Y chromosomes?
Non-homologous chromosomes that carry the same genes
Chromosomes involved in cell division
Chromosomes found only in plant cells
Homologous chromosomes responsible for sex determination
What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosomes that carry the same genes but can have different alleles
Chromosomes that carry different genes and can have different alleles
Chromosomes that carry the same genes and have the same alleles
Chromosomes that carry different genes but have the same alleles
In addition to other water molecules, what other types of compounds can water molecules bond with?
Ionic compounds
Nonpolar compounds
Polar compounds
Hydrophobic compounds
SRY gene is responsible for:
Determining sex in mammals
Regulating metabolism in plants
Controlling eye development in insects
Causing color blindness in humans
Glucose is a monomer of:
Lipids
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Nucleic acids
