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Units 4&6 Review ?s AP Psychology

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 1hrs 7mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called

a)

parallel processing.

b)

perception.

c)

accommodation.

d)

sensation.

2.
Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?
a)
bottom-up processing
b)
selective attention
c)
retinal disparity
d)
perceptual adaptation
3.
Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates
a)
gate-control theory.
b)
choice blindness.
c)
selective attention.
d)
opponent-process theory.
4.
In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated
a)
opponent-process theory.
b)
inattentional blindness.
c)
blind spot.
d)
visual cliff.
5.
Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
a)
accommodation level
b)
absolute threshold
c)
tolerance level
d)
adaptation level
6.
Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?
a)
signal detection theory
b)
frequency theory
c)
opponent-process theory
d)
place theory
7.
Audiotapes of soothing ocean sounds accompanied by faint and imperceptible verbal messages designed to increase a desire to lose weight best illustrate
a)
synaesthesia.
b)
sensory interaction.
c)
parallel processing.
d)
subliminal stimulation.
8.
The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ________ of light.
a)
absolute threshold
b)
hue
c)
difference threshold
d)
brightness
9.
Feature detectors
a)
combine to form the optic nerve, which sends visual information to the brain.
b)
are retinal cells that allow you to see in dim light and are located in the periphery of the eye.
c)
are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles.
d)
cause the lens to change its curvature in response to incoming light waves.
10.
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
a)
the Young-Helmholtz theory.
b)
the opponent-process theory.
c)
frequency theory.
d)
the gate-control theory.
11.
The cochlea is a
a)
fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of body movement.
b)
specific area of the auditory cortex.
c)
fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of upright body position.
d)
fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
12.
According to frequency theory
a)
we hear different pitches because different sound waves cause different parts of the nerve cells in the cochlea to fire.
b)
the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard.
c)
high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane.
d)
frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive.
13.
The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to
a)
accommodation.
b)
the vestibular sense.
c)
kinesthesis.
d)
hearing.
14.
The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as
a)
relative height.
b)
linear perspective.
c)
interposition
d)
closure.
15.
The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates
a)
the phi phenomenon.
b)
retinal disparity.
c)
frequency theory.
d)
relative motion.
16.
Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one. This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as
a)
relative size.
b)
interposition.
c)
proximity.
d)
relative height.
17.
1.       Sensation is to __________ as perception is to __________.
a)
Recognizing a stimulus; detecting a stimulus
b)
Detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus
c)
Interpreting a stimulus; detecting a stimulus
d)
Seeing; hearing
18.
Given normal sensory abilities, a person standing atop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see a candle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away. This is a description of vision's:
a)
Difference threshold
b)
Just noticeable difference 
c)
Absolute threshold
d)
Signal threshold
19.
Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?
a)
Finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you’ve spent a few minutes in it
b)
Developing an increased sensitivity to salt the more you use it in foods
c)
Becoming very irritated at the continuous sound of a dripping faucet
d)
All of the above are examples
20.
Wavelength is to ___________ as ___________ is to brightness.
a)
Hue; intensity
b)
Intensity; hue
c)
Frequency; amplitude
d)
Brightness; hue
21.
Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye?
a)
Lens, pupil, cornea, retina
b)
Pupil, cornea, lens, retina
c)
Cornea, retina, pupil, lens
d)
Cornea, pupil, lens, retina
22.
The brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement and form, and works on each aspect simultaneously. This is known as:
a)
Feature detection
b)
Parallel processing
c)
Accommodation
d)
Opponent processing
23.
Most color-deficient people will probably:
a)
Lack functioning red-or-green-sensitive cones
b)
See the world in only black and white
c)
Also suffer from poor vision
d)
Have above-average vision to compensate for the deficit
24.
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear?
a)
Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea
b)
Eardrum, auditory canal, middle ear, cochlea
c)
Eardrum, middle ear, cochlea, auditory canal
d)
Auditory canal, middle ear, eardrum, cochlea
25.
The Frequency Theory of hearing is better than Place Theory at explaining  the sensation of:
a)
The lowest pitches
b)
Pitches of intermediate range
c)
The highest pitches
d)
All of the above
26.
Tamika hates the bitter taste of her cough syrup. Which of the following would she find most helpful in minimizing the syrup’s bad taste?
a)
Tasting something very sweet before taking the cough syrup
b)
Keeping the syrup in her mouth for several seconds before swallowing it
c)
Holding her nose while taking the cough syrup
d)
Gulping the cough syrup so that It misses her tongue
27.
Kinesthesis involves:
a)
The bones of the middle ear
b)
Information from muscles, tendons and joints
c)
Membranes within the cochlea
d)
The body’s sense of balance
28.
Which of the following enables you to feel yourself wiggling your toes even with your eyes closed?
a)
Vestibular sense
b)
Sense of kinesthesis
c)
The skin senses
d)
Sensory interaction
29.
The historical movement associated with the statement “the whole may exceed the sum of its parts” is:
a)
Parapsychology
b)
Psychophysics
c)
Functional psychology
d)
Gestalt psychology
30.
Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of:
a)
Closure
b)
Proximity
c)
Continuity
d)
Similarity
31.
Weber’s Law states that:
a)
The absolute threshold for any stimulus is a constant
b)
The JND for any stimulus is a constant
c)
The absolute threshold for any stimulus is a constant ration
d)
The JND for any stimulus is a constant ratio
32.
  The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is:
a)
Sensory adaptation
b)
Feature detection
c)
Signal detection
d)
Transduction
33.
Assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you would expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal (one active only at night) would contain:
a)
Mostly cones
b)
Mostly rods
c)
An equal number of rods and cones
d)
More bipolar cells than an animal active only during the day
34.
As the football game continued into the night, Leondre noticed that he was having difficulty distinguishing the colors of the players' uniforms. This is because the _______________, which enable color vision, have a _______________ absolute threshold for brightness than the available light intensity.
a)
Rods; higher
b)
Cones; higher
c)
Rods; lower
d)
Cones; lower
35.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gestalt theory of perception?
a)
Perception develops largely through learning
b)
Perception is the product of heredity
c)
The mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions
d)
Perception results directly from sensation
36.
Proposed theory for color vision with cones that are differentially sensitive to different wavelengths of light. 
a)
opponent process theory
b)
place theory
c)
trichromatic theory
37.
Minimum difference between any two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time.
a)
Weber's Law
b)
Absolute threshold
c)
Difference threshold
38.
The idea that pain can only be experienced if pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on their way to the brain.
a)
place theory
b)
gate control theory
c)
opponent process theory
39.
Clues about distance based on the image of one eye.
a)
binocular depth cues
b)
monocular depth cues
c)
subliminal stimulation
40.
Receiving messages below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.  
a)
Weber's law
b)
difference threshold
c)
subliminal stimulation
41.
Proposed theory for color vision with opposing retinal process for red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.
a)
opponent process theory
b)
tri-chromatic theory
c)
frequency theory
42.

A slot machine rewards the player with coins after they try an unpredictable amount of times. This is an example of a..

a)

fixed-interval schedule

b)

variable-interval schedule

c)

fixed-ratio schedule

d)

variable-ratio schedule

43.

After helping clean the dinner table, a child is rewarded with ice cream. This is an example of…

a)

positive reinforcement

b)

negative reinforcement

c)

positive punishment

d)

negative punishment

44.

The student is very confident in her work and thinks she got a good grade on her presentation. Her perception is of…

a)

learned helplessness

b)

internal locus of control

c)

external locus of control

d)

positive reinforcement

45.

People are more inclined to fear heights and spiders compared to butterflies and flowers. This is due to...

a)

superstitious learning

b)

biological preparedness

c)

associative learning

d)

instinctive drift

46.

An original neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is known as a...

a)

unconditioned stimulus

b)

neutral stimulus

c)

conditioned response

d)

conditioned stimulus

47.

What is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?

a)

Application

b)

Stimulus Generalization

c)

Stimulus Discrimination

d)

Extinction

48.

During his experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment was...

a)

no salivation

b)

a ringing tone

c)

salivation

d)

having food in the dog's mouth

49.

is an influential social cognitive psychologist who is perhaps best known for his social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy, and his famous Bobo doll experiments.

a)

John B. Watson

b)

Edward Tolman

c)

Robert Rescorla

d)

Albert Bandura

50.

When we eventually lose our sensitivity to an oft-repeated stimulus. Once this occurs we will have reduced sensitivity to that stimulus, even if the stimulus changes.

a)

sensory adaptation

b)

habituation

c)

aquisition

d)

extinction

51.

The food in Pavlov's experiment caused an unconditioned response. The food was the

a)

Unconditioned stimulus

b)

neutral stimulus

c)

Conditioned stimulus

d)

conditioned response

52.

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

a)

learning

b)

acquisition

c)

extinction

d)

spontaneous recovery

53.

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS.

a)

spontaneous recovery

b)

acquisition

c)

generalization

d)

discrimination

54.

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by punishment.

a)

classical conditioning

b)

modeling

c)

shaping

d)

operant conditioning

55.

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

a)

modeling

b)

shaping

c)

punishment

d)

token economy

56.

Administering an aversive or negative stimulus

a)

positive punishment

b)

negative punishment

c)

positive reinforcement

d)

negative reinforcement

57.

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

a)

conditioned reinforcer

b)

positive punshment

c)

primary reinforcer

d)

token economy

58.

Provides reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses

a)

fixed ratio schedule

b)

variable interval schedule

c)

variable ratio schedule

d)

fixed interval schedule

59.

Reinforces the first response after a fixed time period.

a)

fixed ration schedule

b)

variable ratio schedule

c)

fixed interval schedule

d)

variable interval schedule

60.

A sudden often novel (new) realization of the solution to a problem

a)

spontaneous recovery

b)

extinction

c)

insight learning

d)

modeling

61.

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

a)

associative learning

b)

classical learning

c)

modelling

d)

shaping

62.

The view that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

a)

Behaviorism

b)

Cognitive Psychology

c)

Biological school

d)

social-cultural

63.

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US), does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

a)

extinction

b)

discrimination

c)

acquisition

d)

spontaneous recovery

64.

The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response.

a)

spontaneous recovery

b)

extinction

c)

acquisition

d)

discrimination

65.

The hopelessness and passive resignation animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

a)

learned helplessness

b)

operant conditioning

c)

extinction

d)

generalization

66.

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

a)

continuous reinforcement

b)

partial reinforcement

c)

fixed-ration schedule

d)

variable-ration schedule

67.

Learning that occurs by watching others. Also called social learning.

a)

observational learning

b)

modelling

c)

shaping

d)

insight learning

68.

When the mind develops a resistance towards a certain food. In simpler terms, eating certain types of food can cause a bad reaction. This is a form of classical conditioning when the body uses a natural instinct as a means of protection.

a)

taste aversion

b)

negative reinforcement

c)

negative punishment

d)

generalization

69.

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

a)

modeling

b)

mirror neurons

c)

shaping

d)

spontaneous recovery

70.

Behavioral psychologist who contend the term "operant conditioning".

a)

BF Skinner

b)

Albert Bandura

c)

John B. Watson

d)

John Garcia

71.

Calling your mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

72.

Elementary students getting to go out for recess at the same time every day

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

73.

You get a free flight after a specific number of miles flown

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

74.

Studying for a class that has pop quizzes

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

75.

Paid $10 for every 20 party subs made

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

76.

Feeding your new fish when you get home from school at 4pm every day

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

77.

Sometimes the mail is delivered at 1pm; sometimes it's closer to 2pm

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

78.

Every 6 months I have to go to the dentist to get a check up

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

79.

Getting a nickel for every soda can you return

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

80.

James reads 5 pages and then takes a break. He repeats this process, until he's done.

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

81.

Waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

82.

Employees getting evaluated on random days of the week

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

83.

Every Wednesday, I get a doughnut for breakfast

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

84.

When I'm thirsty, I take a drink of water

a)

Fixed Interval

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Variable Ratio

85.
In Pavlov's classic experiment, food was the
a)
Unconditioned stimulus
b)
Unconditioned response
c)
conditioned stimulus
d)
conditioned response
86.
Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus?
a)
The cat food
b)
The sound of the electric can opener
c)
The cat coming to the kitchen
d)
Tamara
87.
When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The family's dog often barks loudly. Each time the child sees the dog, he cries. What is the conditioned response?
a)
the dog
b)
The loud noise
c)
The crying
d)
The Barking
88.
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a)
clapping after a thrilling concert performance
b)
jumping rope
c)
running through a maze to get a food reward
d)
sweating in hot weather
89.
The conditioned response (CR) is the usually the same as the
a)
CS
b)
UCS
c)
UCR
d)
CR
90.
Dylan’s mother buys him a sailor’s cap before they go on a family fishing trip. On the boat, Dylan gets nauseated and vomits. Th e next day he gets nauseated just from looking at the sailor’s cap. The sailor’s cap has become:
a)
The unconditioned stimulus
b)
The conditioned stimulus
c)
The conditioned response
d)
The unconditioned response
91.

A father is frustrated because his teenage daughter has started to curse frequently. He has decided to temporarily decrease her allowance each time she curses. He is going to continue doing this until she has stopped cursing. His plan uses

a)

positive reinforcement

b)

negative reinforcement

c)

positive punishment

d)

negative punishment

92.
What is a reinforcer?
a)
Anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior
b)
Anything that the subject likes 
c)
Anything that the subject will work for 
d)
Anything that follows a behavior and increases the frequency of a behavior
93.
What is punishment?
a)
 Anything that the subject will work to avoid
b)
 Any unpleasant stimulus
c)
 Anything that the subject dislikes
d)
 Anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior
94.

Getting a soft drink after putting money into a vending machine

a)

Positive Reinforcement

b)

Positive Punishment

c)

Negative Reinforcement

d)

Negative Punishment

95.

After Lee refused to clean his room, his mother took away his smart phone, Lee's mom is making use of

a)

positive reinforcement

b)

negative reinforcement

c)

positive punishment

d)

negative punishment

96.

Behavior: Amy ran away


Consequence: Her parents changed the locks

a)

+ reinforcement

b)

-- reinforcement

c)

+ punishment

d)

-- punishment

97.

Behavior: Zane has his phone out in class


Consequence: He gets it taken away

a)

+ reinforcement

b)

-- reinforcement

c)

+ punishment

d)

-- punishment

98.

Behavior: Molly finishes her homework


Consequence: She gets to go out with friends

a)

+ reinforcement

b)

-- reinforcement

c)

+ punishment

d)

-- punishment

99.

When you give your dog a treat after he uses the bathroom outside. This is an example of...

a)

Positive Reinforcement

b)

Negative Reinforcement

c)

Positive Punishment

d)

Negative Punishment

100.

Bill starts playing the lottery. He wins $ 10.00 the first time he plays. He plays 12 more times before he wins again.

a)

Variable Ratio

b)

Fixed Ratio

c)

Variable Interval

d)

Fixed Interval

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