Long term weather patterns in a region.

The primary goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family.

The primary goal farmer is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit.

Practices are those in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields.

a crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. May be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy.

Heavy investments in labor and capital are used in this type of agriculture which often results in high yields and profits.

Money invested in land, equipment, and machines.

This form of agriculture is often labor and animal intensive.

Ex: rice paddies in SE Asia using low paid labor rather than machines.

This type of farming uses low inputs of resources but aims to sell the product for profit.

Ex: Ranching in the U.S., Canada, and Argentina.

Few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity.

Ex: Nomadic herding & shifting cultivation

This type of subsistent extensive agriculture is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates throughout the world.

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Ex: Coffee, Coca, Sugarcane, & Bananas.

Both animals and crops are farmed in the same area, it is helpful because farmers can distribute the workload more evenly throughout the year.

A type of commercial agriculture is considered extensive and mechanized that produces mainly wheat.

The intensive production of non tropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm.

Is

when fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, restaurants.

A form of commercial livestock production where cattle is used for the processing of milk and other dairy products. Prevalent in Northern Europe and in the Northern United States.

the geographic distance that milk is delivered

is practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation.

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.

These settlements had groups of homes located near each other in

a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared of services, such as schools.

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

a pattern of settlements in which homes and other buildings follow the lines taken by the road or body of water.

Utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines.

Results in irregularly shaped plots of land.

Rectangles and grid system.

Each area is 6 miles x 6 miles

Keep track of land sales and purchases, and utilize a uniform survey method.

areas six miles long and six miles wide; each square equaling 640 acres

A square is normally 1 mile on a side. consisted of 640 acres, and it could be divided into smaller lots, such as half sections or quarter sections.

farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river.

The origin of farming marked by the first domestication of plants and animals

When animals are tamed and used for food and profit.

Deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding.

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

Invention of the same phenomenon by two culture hearths without each knowing about the other's invention or, sometimes, existence.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Began in the 1700s, used

the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth. Agriculture benefited from mechanization and improved knowledge of fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding practices for plants and animals.

a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

A way of supplying water to an area of land

This was born out of science, research, and technology, and it continues today. This revolution

expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural

systems, and used scientific and information technologies to further previous advances in agricultural production.

Development of higher-yield, more disease-resistant, and faster-growing

varieties of grain are his most important contribution to the revolution.

is the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics.

A process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

This is a distance-decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of the land, meaning the closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it

is.

production process requiring large amounts of capital in relation to labor

production that uses a large amount of labor

is a capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals

is a type of intensive farming. Rather

than raising typical farm animals in close quarters with a controlled

environment, fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas in

the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water.

is planting and harvesting a crop two ( or three) times per year on the same piece of land.

when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.

in which only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land.

is only growing one type of crop

or raising one type of animal year after year.

an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up.

Commercial agriculture is characterized by integrating different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

A company that conducts research operates factories and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

is a process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers.

The largest population that an area can support with its resources.

Transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

a key component of economic geography, deals with why people choose certain locations for various types of economic activity-

factories, stores, restaurants, or agriculture.

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

A hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.

type of agriculture that includes market gardening/truck farming and dairy farming, would occur.

can be used to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market, as well as where each land use would end.

economy-where supply and demand, not government policy, determine the outcome of competition for land-the

farmer who will have the greatest profit will pay the most at each location to

occupy the land.

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.

all the steps required to get a product

or service to customers.

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices

Financial support from the government

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

process by which agricultural areas are lost to development

Alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas causes fertile land to become infertile.

Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.

a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain

A way of supplying water to an area of land

a type of irrigation that waters crops using sprinkler systems on huge turning wheels

a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems.

to allow livestock to strip areas so bare that plants cannot grow back

foods produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, genetic improvements, or ionizing radiation

occurs when farmers process their crops into

high-value products, rather than simply selling it as it comes from the field.

occurs when farmers process their crops into high-value products, rather than simply selling it as it comes from the field

Purchasing food from nearby farms because you want to minimize the pollution created from the transportation of food around the world

Refers to the production of farm goods within an urban area

with the goal of providing locally grown food.

spaces where groups of people grow fruits, vegetables or ornamental plants on either a communal or an individual plot

grow crops inside in stackable trays, using greenhouses, artificial lights, and hydroponics.

a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients

A system in which consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of produce.

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food

A network of trade and transportation that get food from farms to consumers.

The transformation of agricultural products into food or taking food items and transforming them into a different type of food.

tax on imports to protect domestically produced goods.

limit the quantity of a good imported to protect domestically produced goods.

The unequal opportunities, treatment, or rights of a person based on gender.

discriminatory practices that prevent female farmers from reaching their potential productivity.

Lack of gender equality has resulted in women producing 20-30 percent less in farms. The worst food insecurities are found in LDCs, the area where gender-specific obstacles are the most prevalent.