Creates Gametes

Increase Genetic Diversity

Single Celled, No Nucleus

Linear DNA

Membrane-Bound Organelles

DNA in Cytoplasm

Requires ATP

Moves substances along a concentration gradient

Moves substances up a concentration gradient

Maintains stable conditions inside/outside cell

Uses Oxygen to Produce ATP

Movement of Water

Replicate Independently

Requires a Host to Reproduce

Viruses replicate inside of a cell until it -

Hijacks a cell's materials/processes

Small Genome

Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Nucleus

Bacteria

Quick Incubation Time

Dormant

Creates Genetic Diversity

Enzyme that Unzips DNA

Mitosis

Mitosis Offspring

Meiosis

Meiosis

Correct Order

Creates Genetic Diversity

A

F

Stage II

DNA Replication

Nuclear Division

Allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce

Longest Part of the Cell Cycle

Long-chain molecule with repeating patterns

Proteins

Enzymes are -

Catalyze chemical reactions in cells

Allows for transport of molecules into and out of cells

Uncontrolled cell division

Cells become specialized into types based on the -

These can impact what genes are turned on/off and as a result what DNA is transcribed/translated

A mass of cells that grows in an unregulated manner -

Determines the amino acids that make up a protein

Complementary DNA to

GGC ACT

Components of backbone of DNA -

Genetic variation comes from differences in the -

Nucleotides making up the genetic code are common to ALL organisms.

ALL living things contain DNA composed of adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.

Occurs in the nucleus, first step of protein synthesis, DNA --> mRNA

Occurs in the cytoplasm at a ribosome, second step of protein synthesis, mRNA --> amino acid --> polypeptide chain

DNA to mRNA

AGT TTC

In RNA, Uracil replaces

To convert a partial strand of DNA to an amino acid sequence you must convert the -

In some organisms, gene expression is affected by -

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does NOT change the amino acid it codes for.

Nucleotide deletions and additions always result in a -

This mutation has the largest impact -

Half set of DNA, sex cells, mutations passed to offspring

Full set of DNA, body cells, mutations NOT passed to offspring

Substitution mutations can change the amino acid or code for the same amino acid.

Chance that a mutation occurring in a somatic cell will be inherited by offspring?

Chance that two heterozygous parents will have an offspring that expresses the recessive trait?

Is it possible to have an ''AA'' offspring from ''Aa'' and ''aa'' parents?

Crossing Over and Recombination results in -

Periods of slow change followed by periods of rapid change -

Multiple transitional fossils in many rock layers indicates -

The formulas for pesticides, herbicides, and vaccines are frequently changed because -

I-1 and I-2 Genotypes

These are the offspring of what parents?

Photosynthesis occurs in the -

Plants take in -

Specific Soil Bacteria and Lightning have this in common -

Adaptations are the result of _______ traits being passed to offspring.

When a species benefits by looking like another species -

Beneficial adaptations are evidence of -

When a new species is introduced to new area, increasing genetic variation.

Cross-pollination of different populations of the same flowers results in -

Which is more closely related?

A standard taxonomic system is important because -

Every scientific name applies to only one species.

Most specific level of classification -

Levels of taxonomy from least to most specific -

If two species are in the same Order, they must also be in the same -

Helps identify an organism through a series of steps/descriptions -

The more levels of taxonomy two organisms share, the more recent -

Plant Kingdom

Kingdoms Animalia, Protista, and Fungi have this in common -

This mystery organism is eukaryotic, unicellular, and autotrophic. It must belong to this kingdom -

Brings amino acids to ribosomes

Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Provides support and protection for insects

An enzyme that breaks down a substance

Input of Photosynthesis -

Input of Cellular Respiration -

Function of an enzyme -

For an enzyme to be able to catalyze a reaction, the active site must -

Produces hormones

Carries nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to target locations

Detects/senses external stimuli

Twitching, flexing, stomping, and contracting describe movements controlled by the -

Body temperature increases --> glands release sweat --> body temperature decreases

Gas exchange

Antibodies, memory cells, fights off infection

Saliva, gastrointestinal enzymes, stomach are indicators of the -

The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment -

The diaphragm contracts causing the chest cavity to expands, drawing air into the lungs -

Large cells have a _______ surface area to volume ratio than small cells.

Decreasing stem and leaf growth, while increasing root growth is a plant's response to -

Transports plant materials in any direction.

Transports plant materials from roots to shoots.

Pollen sticks to this plant part -

Male plant gamete

Female Plant Gamete

Benefit of root hair fibers

Apical meristems are areas of growth where the cells are -

Multicellular, no roots, stems or leaves, reproduces with spores

Multicellular, contains xylem and phloem vascular tissues, reproduces with spores

Multicellular, contains xylem and phloem vascular tissues, reproduces with flowers

Multicellular, contains xylem and phloem vascular tissues, cone-like reproductive structures

Nonvascular plants are the first to appear during -

Plants respond to external stimuli by producing -

Plants have developed unique seed dispersal methods to -

"Little mouths" that open and close on the bottom of leaves in response to the availability of water, perform gas exchange..

Fruits grown in cold climates are usually sweeter than those grown in warm climates because the sugars produced during photosynthesis can be stored in fruits instead of being used for increases in respiration.

Transfers glucose throughout a plant

Autotrophs

Organ --> Organ System --> _________ --> Population

Mutualistic relationships improve survival for -

All microorganisms are beneficial to an organism.

Bacteria in the soil act as decomposers.

Moss --> Shrub --> Tree

What disturbance most likely led to this progression?

A wheat field was cleared and wild grasses and weeds begin growing.

One species benefits, the other is harmed

One species benefits, no effect on the other species

From one trophic level to another, 90% of energy is lost as -

Producer = 120,000 kcal

Secondary Consumer = ________ kcal

Carnivores

Receives the LEAST amount of total energy provided to an ecosystem -

Fewest quantity of a specific species -

Organisms can occupy multiple trophic levels.

Plants require nitrogen for growth.

Ecosystems with ______ biodiversity are more stable.

Decrease ecosystem stability also means a -

Invasive species are also -

Helps control population sizes

Decreases ecosystem stability

Droughts result in an ecosystem that is _______ stable.

Single celled organisms can be classified as a prokaryote based on a lack of a -

Body cells require increased oxygen as energy is expended.

These transport packaged molecules from the Golgi apparatus to be released out of the cell.

The body gets the energy it needs to fight off an infection by increasing the rate of cellular respiration in mitochondria.

Synthesized by plants and is a major source of energy for cellular processes.

Virus capsid function -

Bacteria and Viruses are examples of -

Helps the immune system develop antibodies in response to weakened viruses.

CD4 T cells fight off infections. If a virus targets and destroys these cells in an organism, it makes the organism more vulnerable to -

If spindle fibers cannot form, the cell cycle will be unable to move to -

DNA Polymerase matches nitrogen bases resulting in two identical DNA double helixes -

DNA is replicated during -

A cell is forced into _______ when the cell cycle checkpoints detect errors that cannot be repaired.

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by -

Enzymes become denatured by -

There are many types of specialized cells. They are differentiated because stimuli trigger the activation of -

Which one is DNA?

Responsible for the direct coding of specific traits -

Zebrafish and humans share some nucleotide sequences.

Purpose of this process -

Scientists can genetically modify genes to control gene expression by -

Transcription errors result in -

Blood types -

In autosomal recessive pedigrees, the affected individuals are shaded. What is the genotype of the affected individuals?

Gametes are all genetically different due to -

On a cladogram, the fewer nodes that separate two organisms, the _____ closely related.

Most closely related -

Seasonal breeding cycles ensure offspring are born when food is most available. This helps increase -

Fast predator = _____ rabbits survive/reproduce

Describes an organism's ability to survive, find a mate, and reproduce

Sickle-cell heterozygotes (Aa) are resistant to -

Low genetic diversity makes a species ___ vulnerable to extinction.

Negative feedback loops seek to reestablish -

Positive feedback loop example -