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WorksheetsAP Biology - Unit 4 Review
Total questions: 40
Worksheet time: 41mins
What are the three parts of signal transduction pathway?
reception, transduction, response
confirmation, transduction, transcription
reception, amplification, transcription
confirmation, amplification, response
Describe the interaction between cyclin and CdK.
cyclin interacts with CdK to initiate the mitotic phase
cyclin is the precursor to CdK, when synthesized allow for mitosis proceed
cyclin acts as an inhibitor to CdK to wait for all DNA to be synthesized
cyclin binds to CdK to initiate DNA replication
Plant cells can exchange small soluble compounds with neighboring cells directly through junctions in the cell wall called -
gap junctions
thylakoids
stomata
plasmodesmata
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
What is the end result of mitosis?
An undifferentiated stem cell
4 genetically unique haploid cells
2 genetically identical diploid cells
2 genetically unique daughter cells
What would happen is protein phosphatases were defective?
Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.
Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.
Gametes would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle will shut down.
Cancerous cells would take advantage and grow uncontrollably because the cell cycle cannot shut down.
What evidence is there that cell communication is a process that has evolved over billions of years?
Only cells with a nucleus are able to communicate effectively
The processes are very similar in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have much more advanced signaling pathways
Prokaryotic cells are much more efficient at communicating.
This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?
A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor
Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells
Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins
cAMP is formed activating a desired response
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Evenly divide the cytoplasm of the cell
Creating an exact copy of a cell's genetic material
Protect an organism from mutations
Ensure genetic material is properly transferred to daughter cells
What is the process by which a neuron releases a neurotransmitter into a synapse called?
Synaptic signaling
Paracrine signaling
Autocrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Why do hormones not affect every cell in the body when they are released?
All cells are affected by a hormone when it is released
A cell needs a specific receptor for the hormone to be affected
A cell must have the proper ATP levels to activate a cellular response
Cells need compatible DNA for the hormone to activate transcription of a gene
Which of the following would NOT result in the inhibition of this pathway?
A change in the shape of the receptor
The presence of a competitive ligand
Increase in hormone concentration
Loss of second messenger production
Which part of the signaling pathway could consist of protein modification, second messenger production, amplification or a phosphorylation cascade?
Reception
Transduction
Response
All of these
cAMP is an example of a...
secondary messenger
ligand
receptor protein
target cell
Which of these shows the cell cycle phases in their correct order AND correctly paired with their functions?
G1-growth, M-division, G2-DNA checkpoints, S-DNA replication
G1-growth, S-DNA replication, G2-prepare to divide, M-division
M-division, G1-growth, S-DNA replication, G2-prepare to divide
S-Interphase, G2-growth, M-division, G1-DNA replication
Classify the image by their type of communication.
Direct Contact (Animal Cell)
Direct Contact (Plant Cell)
Long Distance / Endocrine Signaling
Local Signaling / Paracrine
Local Signaling / Synaptic Signaling
Classify the image by their type of communication.
Direct Contact (Animal Cell)
Direct Contact (Plant Cell)
Long Distance / Endocrine Signaling
Local Signaling / Paracrine
Local Signaling / Synaptic Signaling
Classify the image by their type of communication.
Direct Contact (Animal Cell)
Direct Contact (Plant Cell)
Long Distance / Endocrine Signaling
Local Signaling / Paracrine
Local Signaling / Synaptic Signaling
Classify the image by their type of communication.
Direct Contact (Animal Cell)
Direct Contact (Plant Cell)
Long Distance / Endocrine Signaling
Local Signaling / Paracrine
Local Signaling / Synaptic Signaling
Classify the image by their type of communication.
Direct Contact (Animal Cell)
Direct Contact (Plant Cell)
Long Distance / Endocrine Signaling
Local Signaling / Paracrine
Local Signaling / Synaptic Signaling
Which of the following are enzymes that relay signals inside the cell by phosphorylating various molecules?
Protein Phosphatase
Protein Kinase
Receptors
Ligands
Which of the following are enzymes that shut off pathways by dephosphorylating molecules?
Protein Phosphatase
Protein Kinase
Receptors
Ligands
Programmed cell death is known as
mutation
termination
cytokinesis
apoptosis
The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is __________.
cAMP
protein kinase
GTP
ATP
protein phosphatase
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
only target cells have enzymes that break down aldosterone.
only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on.
Figure 1 shows a model of a signal transduction cascade, initiated by the binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor protein A. A DNA mutation changes the shape of the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor protein A produced by the cell. Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?
Production of activated molecule 1 will stop, but production of activated molecules 2 and 3 will continue.
The molecule that normally binds to protein A will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.
The molecule that normally binds to protein A will not enter the cell, thus no cellular response will occur.
Since protein A is embedded in the membrane, the mutation will be silent and not affect the cellular response.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher’s claim?
Epinephrine is a signaling molecule that binds to a transmembrane protein.
The G protein in the epinephrine signaling pathway consists of three different subunits.
Phosphorylase kinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.
Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?
It involves the opening and closing of ion channels.
It involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
It involves changes in the expression of target genes.
It involves protons moving down a concentration gradient.
Notch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch’s ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell’s nucleus and alter the expression of specific genes.
Which of the following statements best explains Delta’s role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?
Delta transmits a chemical signal to all the cells of a developing embryo.
Delta allows the cells of a developing embryo to communicate without making direct contact.
Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.
Delta determines which cells in a developing embryo express the gene that encodes the Notch protein.
Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?
The proteins receive electrical signals from nerve cells.
The proteins leave the cell and travel in the bloodstream to other cells.
The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.
The proteins bind to molecules secreted by cells located in other parts of the body.
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets will rush to the site of damage and adhere to the vessel beginning the formation of a blood clot. These platelets will then release a chemical into the bloodstream, which recruits even more platelets to rush to the site of damage. As more platelets accumulate, more of the signaling chemical is released into the blood. This process will end when the blood has been sufficiently clotted and active bleeding is no longer occurring. What type of feedback loop is blood clotting an example of?
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form.
The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
Which of the following is not an example of a negative feedback loop?
body maintaining a temperature of about 37°C
release of ADH to increase H2O reabsorption when dehydrated
a ripe apple releasing ethylene, which causes more ripening
heart rate increasing when exercising to deliver more O2 to cells
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate developing between two nuclei. What's going on?
a plant cell is in the process of cytokinesis
an animal cell is in the process of cytokinesis
an animal cell is in the S phase of the cell cycle
a bacterial cell is diving via binary fission
If a cell undergoes mitosis without cytokinesis, what will the resulting cell look like?
the cell will have more than one nucleus
the cell will completely lack a nucleus
the cell will be unusually small
the cell will have damaged chromosomes
Which part of the feedback loop is a body part that makes a change to bring the system back to homeostasis?
Effector
control center
response
receptor
is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment
