WorksheetsFinal Exam prep chapters 5, 6, 11
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 50mins
What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Protein synthesis
DNA replication
Energy production
Lipid metabolism
Where is most of the cellular DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrion
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosomes
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Cellular respiration
Protein synthesis
Lipid storage
DNA replication
Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
Synthesizes proteins
Regulates traffic of materials into and out of the cell
Stores genetic material
Produces energy
What is the cell membrane primarily composed of?
A single layer of proteins
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Carbohydrate particles
Nucleic acids
Which part of the cell contains everything except the nucleus?
Cytosol
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
What is the cytosol?
The part of the cytoplasm that includes organelles
The entire content inside a cell
Fluid cytoplasm not contained inside another compartment
The nucleus of the cell
What is the primary function of the cell membrane as described in the text?
To provide structural support to the cell
To maintain a constant internal environment
To store genetic information
To produce energy for the cell
Why is the cell membrane considered selectively permeable?
It allows all substances to pass through freely
It prevents any substances from passing through
It selectively allows certain substances to pass through while blocking others
It changes permeability based on the temperature
Which of the following is a role of the proteins found in the cell membrane?
To replicate DNA
To bind and adhere to adjacent cells
To catalyze metabolic reactions inside the cell
To transport hormones to the brain
What is the primary function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
Energy production
Protein synthesis
Lipid synthesis
DNA replication
What are the components of ribosomes?
Ribosomal proteins only
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) only
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and more than 50 different protein molecules
DNA and proteins
What distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Presence of ribosomes
Ability to synthesize proteins
Larger surface area
Absence of a membrane
Which organelle is responsible for the chemical modification of proteins?
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Where do protein-containing vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum first transfer substances?
trans face of the Golgi apparatus
cis face of the Golgi apparatus
medial face of the Golgi apparatus
lysosome
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Protein synthesis
Lipid synthesis and chemical modification of proteins
DNA replication
Packaging of proteins
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
To store waste products and toxic compounds
To provide structure by creating turgor pressure
To produce energy for the cell
To synthesize proteins
What is the first step in the infection process of a bacteriophage?
The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome.
The bacteriophage binds to the bacterium.
The host DNA is digested.
New phage DNA is synthesized.
During the lysogenic cycle, what significant event occurs involving phage DNA?
The phage DNA is digested.
The phage DNA enters the host cell.
The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes a noninfective prophage.
The host cell transcribes and translates phage DNA.
What triggers the transition from the lysogenic to lytic cycle in bacteriophages?
The bacteriophage binds to another bacterium.
The host cell transcribes and translates phage DNA.
Under certain conditions, the prophage excises itself from the host chromosome.
New phage DNA is synthesized using nucleotides from former host DNA.
What is the outcome of the lytic cycle in bacteriophages?
The phage DNA integrates into the host's DNA.
The host cell remains intact and continues normal functions.
New phages are assembled and the host cell lyses, releasing them.
The phage DNA is digested.
What phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?
G1 phase
S phase
M phase
G2 phase
During which phase of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur, completing the process of cell division?
G1 phase
S phase
M phase
Interphase
At which point do cells that do not divide typically arrest in the cell cycle?
G0
G1
S
G2
What type of cell division is responsible for the reproduction of the entire single-celled prokaryotic organism?
Mitosis
Meiosis
Binary fission
Cytokinesis
Which factors usually signal cell division in prokaryotes?
Genetic mutations
Internal cellular damage
Nutrient concentration and environmental conditions
Cellular age
What occurs during the prophase stage of mitosis in an animal cell?
The nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochore microtubules appear.
Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.
The paired sister chromatids separate.
The daughter chromosomes reach the poles.
During which phase of mitosis do the centromeres become aligned at the cell's equator?
Telophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Prophase
In which phase of mitosis do the paired sister chromatids separate and begin to move toward the poles?
Anaphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
What marks the end of telophase in mitosis?
Chromosomes reach the poles.
Nuclear envelope re-forms.
Chromosomes line up at the equator.
Sister chromatids separate.
What are chromatids called after they separate during mitosis?
Sister chromatids
Daughter chromosomes
Parental chromosomes
Mitotic spindles
What do chromatids share before they separate during mitosis?
A nucleus
A centrosome
A centromere
A cell membrane
What is the key difference between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis?
In metaphase of mitosis, homologous chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate.
In metaphase I of meiosis, individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
In metaphase of mitosis, individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
In metaphase I of meiosis, centromeres separate.
During anaphase of mitosis, what significant event occurs?
Homologous chromosomes pair.
Centromeres do not separate.
Centromeres separate, and sister chromatids separate.
DNA replicates.
What is the outcome of meiosis II in terms of the cells produced?
Two diploid daughter cells.
Four diploid daughter cells.
Four haploid daughter cells.
Two haploid daughter cells.
Which phase of meiosis involves the pairing and crossing over of homologous chromosomes?
Prophase of mitosis
Metaphase I of meiosis
Prophase I of meiosis
Anaphase of mitosis
What is the orientation of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of phospholipids in a biological membrane?
Hydrophilic heads face inward and hydrophobic tails face outward
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails both face outward
Hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails both face inward
Which factor does NOT vary among phospholipids in biological membranes?
Presence of fatty acid chains
Length of fatty acid chains
Degree of unsaturation
Number of phosphate groups
What role does cholesterol play in the membrane structure?
Decreases membrane fluidity
Increases membrane permeability
Modulates membrane fluidity
Eliminates membrane fluidity
How do unsaturated long-chain fatty acids affect the fluidity of the membrane compared to saturated fatty acids?
They decrease fluidity by packing more densely.
They increase fluidity by packing less densely and having kinks.
They have no effect on membrane fluidity.
They increase fluidity by packing more densely.
What adaptation do some organisms use to maintain membrane fluidity in cold temperatures?
They increase the number of saturated fatty acids.
They decrease the overall lipid content of the membrane.
They replace saturated membranes with unsaturated fatty acids and shorter tails.
They remove all fatty acids from the membrane.
What is the function of aquaporins in cell membranes?
They transport ions across membranes.
They facilitate the diffusion of water across membranes.
They synthesize proteins within the cell.
They convert glucose into energy.
What is diffusion in the context of substances crossing membranes?
The process where substances move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration until equilibrium is reached.
The process of random movement toward equilibrium where substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The movement of substances facilitated by transport proteins across a membrane.
The active transport of molecules against the concentration gradient using energy.
Until when does the net movement of substances continue during diffusion?
Until all molecules are evenly distributed.
Until the concentration gradient disappears.
Until equilibrium is reached.
Until the membrane becomes impermeable.
What is osmosis?
Movement of solutes from high to low concentration
Diffusion of water molecules
Active transport of ions
Energy-dependent transport of molecules
What does isotonic mean in the context of osmosis?
Lower solute concentration
Higher solute concentration
Equal solute concentrations
No solute concentration
Which term describes a solution with higher solute concentration relative to another solution?
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Equitonic
What does hypotonic mean in terms of solute concentration?
Equal solute concentrations
Higher solute concentration
Lower solute concentration
No solute concentration
What happens to an animal cell if placed in a hypotonic solution?
It will swell and burst
It will stiffen but retain its shape due to the cell wall
It will undergo crenation
It will undergo plasmolysis
No change will occur
What happens to a plant cell if placed in a hypertonic solution?
It will undergo crenation (shriveling)
It will undergo plasmolysis
It will become turgid
It will be flaccid
No change will occur
