Concurrent backups take place while the user is working on the database.

_____ security breaches include database access by computer viruses and by hackers whose actions are designed to destroy or alter data.

A security breach is a weakness in a system component that could be exploited to allow unauthorized access or cause service disruptions.

_____ deals with ensuring that data is protected against unauthorized access, and if the data are accessed by an authorized user, that the data are used only for an authorized purpose.

The storage locations for multiple backups must include sites inside and outside the organization.

The _____ administrator is responsible for strategic planning.

"A password must have a minimum of five characters" is an example of a _____.

In the context of developing a data administration strategy, a(n) _____ provides a framework that includes computerized, automated, and integrated tools such as a DBMS and CASE tools.

In the context of the data-information-decision cycle, decisions made by high-level managers trigger actions in an organization's:

The browser’s interpretation and presentation capabilities are sufficient to develop web-based applications.

The only time the client and server computers communicate is when the client requests a page and the server sends the requested page to the client.

HTML is designed to facilitate the extraction and manipulation of data from structured documents over the Internet.

What is a disadvantage of using an API web-server interface?

Another name for a database server-side extension program is _____.

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a newer web server interface standard that is much more efficient and faster than a dynamic link library (DLL).

Each time an end user clicks a hyperlink, the browser generates a(n) _____ page request that is sent to the designated web server using the TCP/IP Internet protocol.

Among client-side extensions, _____ is a Microsoft specification for writing programs that run inside the Internet Explorer browser.

A client-side extension is a program that interacts directly with the web server to handle specific types of requests.

The ROLLUP extension is used with the GROUP BY clause to generate aggregates by the listed columns, including the last one.

The _____ schema must support complex (non-normalized) data representations.

Relational data warehouses use the star schema design technique to handle multidimensional data.

In a star schema, attributes are often used to search, filter, or classify _____.

Computed or derived facts, at run time, are sometimes called _____ to differentiate them from stored facts.

_____ tools focus on the strategic and tactical use of information.

Operational data and decision support data serve the same purpose.

Data _____ implies that all business entities, data elements, data characteristics, and business metrics are described in the same way throughout the enterprise.

Advanced OLAP  feature become more useful when access to them is kept simple.

A star schema is designed to optimize data query operations rather than data update operations.

One of the advantages of a distributed database management system (DDBMS) is that the data is located near the site with the least demand.

_____ fragmentation allows a user to break a single object into two or more segments, or fragments.

A distributed database is composed of several parts known as database _____.

Distributed processing shares a database's logical processing among two or more physically independent sites that are connected through a network.

A disadvantage of a distributed database management system (DDBMS) is:

Distributed database systems do not require complex mechanisms to manage transactions and ensure the database's consistency and integrity.

In the single-site processing, single-site data (SPSD) scenario, all processing must be done on the end user's side of the system.

Rapid ad hoc data became unnecessary in the quick-response decision-making environment.

The level of transparency supported by the distributed database management system remains the same for all systems.

_____ distributed database management systems (DDBMS) integrate multiple instances of the same DBMS over a network.

A(n) _____ is a logical grouping of several data files that store data with similar characteristics.

DBMS implementations are typically similar in complexity to two-tier client/server configurations.

The DBMS _____ the SQL query and chooses the most efficient access/execution plan.

The _____ cache is used as a temporary storage area for ORDER BY or GROUP BY operations, as well as for index-creation functions.

If there is no index, the DBMS will perform a _____ scan.

In standard SQL, the optimizer hint FIRST_ROWS is generally used for _____ mode processes.

During the ____ phase, the DBMS retrieves the data and sends the result set back to the client.

To generate database object statistics manually, following syntax should be used in Oracle:

Most current-generation relational DBMSs perform automatic query optimization at the client end.

_____ refers to the number of different values a column could possibly have.

An optimistic approach is based on the assumption that the majority of the database operations do not conflict.

Time stamps must only have the single property of uniqueness.

_____ are required to prevent another transaction form reading inconsistent data.

As long as two transactions, T1 and T2, access _____ data, there is no conflict, and the order of execution is irrelevant to the final outcome.

The phenomenon of uncommitted data occurs when two transactions are executed concurrently and the first transaction is rolled back after the second transaction has already accessed the uncommitted data—thus violating the isolation property of transactions.

Although the DBMS is designed to recover a database to a previous consistent state when an interruption prevents the completion of a required set of transactions, the transactions themselves are defined by the end user or programmer and must be semantically correct.

What rule applies to the two-phase locking protocol?

The scheduler establishes the order in which the operations within concurrent transactions are executed.

One of the three most common data integrity and consistency problems is _____.

In the optimistic approach, during the _____ phase, changes are permanently applied to the database.

_____ is a technique that creates logical representations of computing resources that are independent of the underlying physical computing resources. 

Selecting database management system (DBMS) software is part of the _____ phase of the Database Life Cycle (DBLC).

In DBLC, the phase after the database initial study is _____.

The implementation phase of database design includes creating the database storage structure and loading the database, but does not provide for data management.

A system is always at some stage of SDLC because every request for structural changes requires retracing the steps of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC).

A system maintenance activity generated in response to changes in the business environment is referred to as corrective maintenance.

The _____ phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) includes all the necessary technical specifications for the screens, menus, reports, and other devices used to make the system more efficient.

Once the data has been loaded into the database, the _____ tests and fine-tunes the database for performance, integrity, concurrent access, and security constraints.

The traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is divided into _____ phases.

The overall purpose of the database initial study is to create the conceptual design.

The tables on which a view, or a virtual table derived from a SELECT query, are based are called _____ tables.

Which statement describes a feature of Oracle sequences?

The Oracle equivalent to an MS Access AutoNumber is a(n) _____.

A _____ is a block of code containing standard SQL statements and procedural extensions that is stored and executed at the DBMS server.

BEFORE means before the changes are made in memory but after the changes are permanently saved to disk.

To remedy the lack of procedural functionality in SQL, and to provide some standardization within the many vendor offerings, the SQL-99 standard defined the use of persistent stored modules.

Oracle recommends _____ for creating audit logs.

SQL supports the conditional execution of procedures (IF-THEN-ELSE statements) that are typically supported by a programming language.

The _____ specification creates an individual index on a respective attribute; use it to avoid having duplicated values in a column.

The SQL data manipulation command HAVING:

You can select partial table contents by naming the desired fields and by placing restrictions on the rows to be included in the output.

A(n) _____ join returns not only the rows matching the join condition (that is, rows with matching values in the common columns) but also the rows with unmatched values.

When using a(n) _____ join, only rows from the tables that match on a common value are returned.