External impacts:

Emissions from freight transport largely depend on the type of fuel used.

Various alternative fuels now exist.

External impacts:

Scientific evidence that human activity is the main cause of global warming is now ‘unequivocal’, and since the last assessment, the scientific knowledge gained through observations, theoretical analyses, and modelling studies has continued to increase and to strengthen further the evidence linking human activities to the ongoing climate change.

External impacts:

Airborne pollutants can diffuse widely from their original source, particularly

when carried by the prevailing winds.

External impacts:

These effects are experienced in the immediate vicinity of the pollution source,

where the concentration levels are high.

External impacts:

Land is being taken for development of transport infrastructure and the extraction of the related building materials. Transport infrastructure also causes both a direct and an indirect loss of habitat.

External impacts:

This means that their presence often spoils the surrounding landscape and/or the outlook from residential properties and is difficult to measure because it is a highly subjective factor.

External impacts:

Transport results in many fatalities and serious injuries each year. Apart from personal injury, death or material losses for those involved, this can also cause delays and general inconvenience for other road users.

External impacts:

Prolonged exposure to traffic noise may result in physiological effects such as cardiovascular diseases or irreversible loss of hearing, as well as in mental health problems.

External impacts:

This is caused by heavy vehicles and may result in serious damage to roadside buildings.

External impacts:

This is associated with freight transport which includes waste oil or scrapped vehicles themselves. In a wider perspective, it also includes abandoned spoil tips and rubble from infrastructure works

The following are adverse effects of traffic noise, EXCEPT:

A type of vibration that easily penetrates windows and walls causing objects to rattle on shelves and/or floors to vibrate under people’s feet.

A type of vibration that can be harmful to buildings even when they are barely perceptible. They may cause serious damage as pressures are redistributed below ground and exert an intensified impact at foundation level.

The _____ of habitat refers to the physical presence of roads, railway tracks, distribution facilities or terminals and the conversion of the greenfield land into a built-up area.

The _____ of habitat refers to the fragmentation and/or degradation of ecosystems due to the presence of transport infrastructure, which reduces the capability of an ecosystem to sustain its original biodiversity.

This policy is necessary to facilitate a company’s contribution to sustainable development.

This concept first appeared in academic literature in the 1960s. At a company level, this concept is sometimes referred to as the ‘triple bottom line’ in the corporate decision making process.

This is a term often used in examining CSR issues in relation to logistics management.

The following make up the concept of sustainable development, EXCEPT:

Corporate social responsibility:

A voluntary, philanthropic actions guided by an organization’s discretion,

rather than any legal requirements or ethical norms

Corporate social responsibility:

It addresses the way people are treated both within and outside the organization. Companies can demonstrate this by respecting human rights, ensuring decent working and living conditions for employees.

Corporate social responsibility:

Focuses on how the business activities affect the planet. Examples are precautionary approaches to prevent or minimize the adverse impact on the natural environment, or development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

Corporate social responsibility:

Businesses are expected to comply with legal obligations imposed by governments and regulatory agencies.

Corporate social responsibility:

Concerns not only economic growth and shareholders’ profits but other aspects as well which include how the money is earned and divided between parties involved in a deal.