Blood contains this element which takes up 41%

Blood contains this element which takes up 4%

least abundant formed element

protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens

Blood plasma contains plasma proteins which one is this:

smallest and most abundant

Contribute to viscosity and osmolarity; influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

Blood plasma contains plasma proteins which one is this:

antibodies

immune system functions

Blood plasma contains plasma proteins which one is this:

Precursor of fibrin (blood clots)

Which plasma protein deficiency is this:

Low level of protein in blood

Draws water out of blood

Causes edema

Which plasma protein deficiency is this:

Children with severe protein deficiency

once weaned, eat only cereals

Thin arms and legs

Swollen abdomen/enlarged liver

Edema (ankles/feet)

Which erythrocyte disorder is this:

An excess of RBCs

Dangers: Increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity, Can lead to embolism, stroke, or heart failure

Which erythrocyte disorder is this:

a low level of red blood cells (or dysfunctional red blood cells)- leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs

Consequences: Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, Blood osmolarity is reduced, producing tissue edema, Blood viscosity is low

Which erythrocyte disorder is this:

a low level of red blood cells (or dysfunctional red blood cells)- leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs

Consequences: Tissue hypoxia and necrosis, Blood osmolarity is reduced, producing tissue edema, Blood viscosity is low

Which erythrocyte disorder is this:

•Hereditary defect that occur mostly among people of recent African descent

•Caused by recessive allele that changes structure of normal Hb into mutated HbS

Which erythrocyte disorder is this:

•parasitic disease spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes

Those with Sickle Cell Trait (carriers) are resistant to this

•Cancer of red bone marrow

hematocrit > 80% (normal ~ 45-50)

•From dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning

RBC count up to 8 million RBCs/μL

–Kidney failure (low erythropoietin)

–Iron-deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia - autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption

From excessive bleeding

From RBC destruction

Which blood type is this:

A antigens/Anti-B antibodies

Which blood type is this:

B antigens/Anti-A antibodies

Which blood type is this:

both A and B antigens/No antibodies

Which blood type is this:

neither antigens/both antibodies

Universal donor

most common blood type

no surface antigens

Universal recipient

rarest blood type

no plasma antibodies

which granulocyte leukocyte is this:

60-70%

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Barely visible granules in cytoplasm; three- to five-lobed nucleus

which granulocyte leukocyte is this:

2-4%

large rosy-orange granules; bilobed nucleus

which granulocyte leukocyte is this:

less than 1%

large, abundant, violet granules (obscure a large S-shaped nucleus)

which agranulocyte leukocyte is this:

25-33%

variable amounts of bluish cytoplasm (scanty to abundant); ovoid/round, uniform dark violet nucleus

which agranulocyte leukocyte is this:

3-8%

usually largest WBC; ovoid, kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

stoppage of bleeding

excessive bleeding

which hemostasis step is this:

Vascular spasm—prompt constriction of a broken vessel

First protection against blood loss

Causes: Some Pain receptors cause blood vessels to constrict, Smooth muscle injury, Platelets release serotonin (vasoconstrictor)

which hemostasis step is this:

Platelet plug formation

Intact vessels are coated with prostacyclin—a platelet repellant

Broken vessel exposes collagen, platelets stick to damaged vessel and other platelets

Positive feedback cycle (+ chemotaxis) is active until break in small vessel is sealed

which hemostasis step is this:

Coagulation (clotting)—last and most effective defense against bleeding

Conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble FIBRIN threads to form framework of clot

Procoagulants (clotting factors) are present in plasma

Activate one factor and it will activate the next to form a reaction cascade…

dissolution of a clot

kallikrein converts plasminogen into plasmin,a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot

Platelets do not adhere to prostacyclin-coated endothelium

By rapidly flowing blood

Heart slowing in shock can result in clot formation

Heparin (from basophils and mast cells) interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

Antithrombin (from liver) deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen

which clotting disorder is this:

family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one or more clotting factors

more common in males

Frequent hematomas—masses of clotted blood in the tissues

Tx - transfusion of plasma or purified clotting factors

which clotting disorder is this:

abnormal clotting in unbroken vessel

Most likely to occur in leg veins of inactive people (DVT)

which clotting disorder is this:

anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels

Pulmonary embolism: clot may break free, travel to lungs

which clotting disorder is this:

(tissue death) may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ (MI or stroke)

650,000 Americans die annually