The cross section below represents a frontal boundary between two air masses. Arrows represent the direction of moving air masses. The type of front represented at the boundary between the cold air mass and the cool air mass is

The photograph below shows a New York State index fossil. This index fossil would be classified as a

The photograph below shows a cross sectional view of an iridium-rich meteor debris layer between two rock layers. This debris was deposited at the same time as the extinction of ammonoids. The layers have not been overturned. Which photograph shows the most likely geologic time periods when the rock layers above and below this debris layer formed?

Why is volcanic ash a good geologic time marker?

The cross section below represents a portion of Earth’s crust. Compared to the sedimentary rock layers, the igneous rock is

The table below was prepared to compare the surface bedrock of four New York State locations. The table contains some errors. For which New York State location in the table are both the geologic age of the surface bedrock and the dominant type of surface bedrock correct?

Which table below correctly shows the characteristics of seismic waves when they reach liquid material?

The first S-wave of an earthquake took 10 minutes 40 seconds to travel to a seismic station from the epicenter of an earthquake. What is the distance from this seismic station to the epicenter of this earthquake, and how much time did it take for the first P-wave to travel that distance?

Which two hot spots are located on the same tectonic plate?

Long Island is part of which New York State landscape region?

Which stream velocity would cause medium and coarse sand to settle to the bottom of the stream, while fine sand continues to move downstream?

What is the primary reason that water-filled cracks in rock widen in winter?

The photograph below shows “Mitten Butte,” a sand-blasted landscape feature in Monument Valley, Utah. Which type of climate and agent of erosion are continuing to shape this landscape feature?

Kettle lakes are formed when blocks of glacial ice are partially buried by sediments and melt on

Which mineral resource is used in making both furnace bricks and jewelry?

The photograph below shows the bedrock structure of an outcrop. Which process is responsible for the folding of this bedrock?

The map below shows the major watershed regions of New York State. Letters A, B, C, and D identify four of these watersheds. The Genesee River is located in which watershed?

The map below shows a meandering stream flowing around a curve. The arrows indicate the direction of streamflow. Points A, B, and C are locations on the streambed. Which graph best represents the relative amounts of erosion within this stream at locations A, B, and C?

The first organisms that developed the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce atmospheric oxygen were

The diagram represents how Moon phases will appear to an observer in New York State during the month of April 2024. During the month of April 2024, there will be a total solar eclipse visible for large portions of New York State. On which day in April will this solar eclipse occur?

The diagram represents how Moon phases will appear to an observer in New York State during the month of April 2024. Which diagram below best represents the positions of the Sun (S) and Earth (E), and the orbital position of the Moon (M) on April 12? [Diagrams are not drawn to scale.]

The same side of the Moon is always visible to an observer on Earth because the Moon has a period of

Compared to the density of the terrestrial and Jovian planets, the density of the Moon is

The map shows a low-pressure system located over the eastern United States. Partial weather station models are indicated at locations W, X, Y, and Z. Isobars are recorded in millibars. Locations W and X are within which types of air masses?

The map shows a low-pressure system located over the eastern United States. Partial weather station models are indicated at locations W, X, Y, and Z. Isobars are recorded in millibars. Which weather station has an approximate air pressure of 29.65 inches of mercury?

The map shows a low-pressure system located over the eastern United States. Partial weather station models are indicated at locations W, X, Y, and Z. Isobars are recorded in millibars. The prevailing winds will cause this low-pressure system to most likely move toward the

the diagrams below show the apparent paths of the Sun across the sky on June 21 for observers at four different Earth locations. The zenith (Z) is the point in the sky directly above the observer. At which location will the longest noontime shadow be observed on the date indicated in the diagrams?

The diagrams below, which show the apparent paths of the Sun across the sky on June 21 for observers at four different Earth locations. The zenith (Z) is the point in the sky directly above the observer. Three months after the date indicated in the diagrams, sunrise in New York State will occur

The graph shows the decreasing percentage of a radioactive isotope, carbon-14 (¹⁴C), as it decays and the increasing percentage of the disintegration product that forms. Which percentage of this radioactive isotope remains at the end of 3 half-lives?

The graph shows the decreasing percentage of a radioactive isotope, carbon-14 (¹⁴C), as it decays and the increasing percentage of the disintegration product that forms. What is the disintegration product of this radioactive isotope?

Carbon-14 can be used to determine the ages of both a

The diagram below represents the Moon at one position in its orbit around Earth. The numbers represent locations on Earth’s surface. At which numbered location would high tide be occurring when the Moon is in the location shown in the diagram?

Cosmic background radiation provides evidence of the

Approximately how many degrees does Earth travel in its orbit in six months?

The constellation Orion is visible in New York State in the night sky during winter, but is not visible in New York State in the night sky during summer because

The diagram below represents a scientific instrument. This instrument provides evidence that Earth

The diagram below represents a flagpole and its shadow in New York State at solar noon. The shadow is pointing from the base of the flagpole toward the

Which term best describes the curving of Earth’s planetary winds and major surface ocean currents?

Which landmass has at least one location where the Sun will be directly overhead at solar noon at some time during a year?

What is the primary source of energy that causes all weather phenomena on Earth?

The dry-bulb temperature is 18°C and the wetbulb temperature is 8°C on a psychrometer. What is the dewpoint?

The polar front jet stream in Earth’s atmosphere is located in the upper

Which two weather symbols represent severe weather?

Compared to the average air temperature at the stratopause, the average air temperature at the mesopause is

Which atmospheric gas is important because it protects living things on Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation?

Equal areas of which surface absorb the most insolation and heat up most rapidly on a sunny day?

Many periods of global warming have occurred during the last 100,000 years. The inferred primary cause of the current rise in global temperatures is the