was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician who proposed dualism, which separates the self into distinct entities: mind and body.

He mentioned the philosophical maxim, “Know thy self”.

• Proposed that the sense of “self is an illusion” created by the mind from the flow of experiences. 

was an ancient Greek philosopher who emphasized the importance of self-knowledge

was a French philosopher who believed the self is shaped by our physical body and how was experience the world through our senses.

was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath

• In his Bundle Theory, he argued that the self is nothing but a bundle of perception, thought, and sensation. 

was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers

was an ancient Greek philosopher who argued that the self is immortal and independent of the body, with the highest knowledge derived from contemplating the form of the Good.

was an English philosopher and physician who proposed a theory of the self-based on consciousness and personal identity.

was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis

was a theologian and philosopher who viewed the self as deeply intertwined with god.

 is a Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy or the philosophy of mind.

He believed that true wisdom comes from introspection and self-examination.

served as a mediator between the superego and id.

• was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist who rejected the notion of a fixed and enduring self. 

 He viewed the self as a product of brain activity rather than a separate entity.

The concept of self focuses on the ego, which is one of the three parts of the psyche according to his psychoanalytic theory.

• is our physical body and how we engage with the world through our senses. It's what others can see and perceive about us.

He emphasized that our sense of self is connected to our interactions with the environment rather than a separate entity.

was an English philosopher and physician who proposed a theory of the self-based on consciousness and personal identity.

He was also a student of Plato for twenty years but is widely recognized for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.

served as the societal rules

was a British philosopher known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase “ghost in the machine” and argued that the self isn't a hidden entity inside us.

He believed that people begin life as a Tabula rasa or a blank slate.

He famously declared, “ Cogito ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am), asserting that self-awareness proves one's existence.

•  is about our mind and intellect, while the other self is about our body.

• For him, the self develops over time, influenced by past experiences and future aspirations

Argued that the self or the human person is a composite of body and soul and that the two are inseparable.

He viewed the self as knowing and experiencing our own existence.

 served as instinctual drive.

He said our self is shown through our actions and behaviors.

• He believed that talking about an inner self is a mistake- it confuses things. He believed the self is just how we act and behave in the world, not some hidden ghost inside us.

The concept of the self was constructed in terms of hylomorphism.

• He made dialogues, such as “The Apology” and “The Phaedrus”, illustrate his teachings on the self.

 He believed that the human soul longs for union with God, its ultimate source of fulfillment and happiness.

• His concept of self revolves around the idea of the inner self (transcendental self) and the outer self(empirical self). The inner self includes our emotions and rational intellect.

He thought that as long as you remember being yourself at different times, you're still the same person, even if your body changes

He believed that the self comprises three parts: reason, spirit, and appetite

• His concept of the self is rooted in the idea of original sin inherited from Adam and Eve, which leads to a sense of spiritual longing and discontent. Through God's grace, we find self-fulfillment. 

For him, the self develops over time, influenced by past experiences and future aspirations.

• The tripartite theory of the soul suggests that harmony among these parts leads to a virtuous life and a just society.

• He believed that science could explain how we understand ourselves by studying the brain.

• Associated the mind with consciousness and the body with mechanical processes, locating the self in the mind.

• We cannot discuss the self with a soul only or a self with a body only. Indeed, the self is a unified creature.

He rejected the idea of dualism.

• For him, the self is shaped by our life experiences.

• We envision how others might view our actions and behaviors.

• We develop a sense of self by imagining how others perceive us and adjusting our behavior accordingly.

 (1864-1929) was an American sociologist known for his theory, “Looking-Glass Self”

• Based on these perceptions, we form an understanding of ourselves. Our self-concept is shaped by the feedback and responses we receive from others.

• The preparatory stage starts from birth to age two(2). Within this stage, children copy others but don't understand their actions, words, or tone of voice.

(1863-1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist who developed the Social Self Theory.

• Significant others have a direct influence on the person and Generalized others represent society's collective norms and expectations individuals internalize.

•  which describes how our self-image is shaped by how we think others see us, its like seeing ourselves reflected in a mirror, but the mirror is the opinions and reactions of others.

• We consider the reactions and judgments of others towards our behaviors.

• The game stage typically begins at age seven (7). Children start to comprehend and follow the rules of games, take on roles independently, and consider others' perspectives, forming the concept of “generalized other”.

•  which asserts that personal identity is formed through social interaction and cultural expectations, It outlines elements or aspects like role-taking,  the separation between “I” and “Me”, and the influence of significant others and generalized others on identity formation in a social context. Mead viewed the self as formed by social interaction and communication.

•  The “I”- is the spontaneous aspect of the self. It is the part that acts without considering social consequences, while the “Me” is a socialized aspect shaped by social expectations and norms. It is the self that acts based on how others expect one to behave.”

• The play stage occurs from about ages three(3) to six (6). During this period, children engage in imaginative play. They pretend and still do not follow the rules within organized games.