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World in 1750, Enlightenment, French Rev. and Napoleon Exam

Total questions: 123

Worksheet time: 3hrs 40mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
What does Absolute Ruler mean?
a)
a ruler who is sure of their power
b)
A ruler who is involved in all aspects of government and public life
c)
someone who has to answer to a separate government body
d)
a ruler who is absolute
2.

During the Age of Absolutism, European monarchs looked to

a)

Develop better relations with muslim rulers

b)

Centralize political power in their nations

c)

Encourage the growth of political farms

d)

Increase human rights for citizens

3.

Who was Peter the Great?

a)

This man promoted Westernization campaigns to make his country more European

b)

This man demonstrated absolutism by building the city Versailles as a way of distracting the French nobility

c)

This man didn't believe that the average person was intelligent enough to participate in government, which led him to believe that enlightened monarchy was best

d)

This man thought that humans were naturally greedy and chaotic and would need a large government to control them

4.

Who was Louis XIV?

a)

This man promoted Westernization campaigns to make his country more European

b)

This man demonstrated absolutism by building Versailles as a way of distracting the French nobility

c)

This man believed that humans were naturally good and would not need a large government to rule over them.

d)

This man did not believe that the average person was intelligent enough to participate in government, which led him to believe that an enlightened monarchy was best.

5.
The theory justifying a monarch's rule by God's authority is called
a)
laissez-faire
b)
totalitarianism
c)
predestination
d)
divine right
6.
This absolute monarch weakened his nobles by forcing them to live with him and occupied them with ridiculous tasks.
a)
Phillip II
b)
Louis XIV
c)
Frederick the Great
d)
James II
7.

Westernization means …

a)

Traveling West in search of natural resources

b)

To adopt or be influenced by the cultural, economic, or political systems of Europe

8.

This statement is taken from the written work of

a)

John Locke

b)

Niccolò Machiavelli

c)

Adam Smith

d)

Ignatius Loyola

9.

"A DEO REX, A REGE LEX — “the king is from God, and law is from the king.”


This quotation best reflects the concept of

a)

constitutional monarchy

b)

separation of powers

c)

equal representation

d)

divine right rule

10.

The actions described in the passage above demonstrate Peter the Great’s attempts to

a)

Convert Russia to Islam

b)

Improve Russia’s military

c)

Westernize Russia

d)

Model Russian culture after the Ottoman Empire

11.

The actions described in the passage above demonstrate that Louis XIV was

a)

Democratically elected

b)

An absolute monarch

c)

A traditionalist

d)

A supporter of Martin Luther’s

12.

LISTEN TO THE VIDEO!!


What two Kings are the two most well known Absolute Monarchs?

a)

Queen Elizabeth II & King Henry II

b)

King Louis XIV & Peter the Great

13.

Who were the Hugenots, which King Lois XIV persecuted in France?

a)

Frnech Nobles

b)

French Patriarch

c)

French Protestants

d)

French Woman

14.

What is the movement that believed everyone is born with natural rights?

a)

Enlightenment

b)

Evolution

c)

Absolutism

d)

Fundamentalism

15.

John Locke believed in the specific natural rights of

a)

life, liberty, and property

b)

life, fraternity, and peace

c)

peace, land, and bread

d)

blood and iron

16.

According to the Enlightenment, the purpose of government is

a)

to require unquestioning loyalty

b)

to make harsh rules and punishments

c)

to protect the rights of the people

17.

An agreement between the people and their government: people give up some of their personal freedoms, government provides peace order and safety

a)

Scientific Revolution

b)

Social Contract

c)

Enlightenment

d)

Scientific Method

18.

an intellectual and educational movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

a)

Scientific Revolution

b)

Scientific Method

c)

Enlightenment

d)

Social Contract

19.

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas

a)

Salons

b)

Social Contracts

c)

Enlightened Despots

d)

Group Chats

20.

French philosopher who believed people were naturally good but that society corrupts them

a)

Baron de Montesquieu

b)

Thomas Hobbes

c)

Adam Smith

d)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

21.

English philosopher who argued that people are born with natural rights (life, liberty, property), influenced U.S. Constitution

a)

Adam Smith

b)

Voltaire

c)

John Locke

d)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

22.

French philosopher believed government should have separation of powers; power should not be in the hands of one ruler/ruling family

a)

Voltaire

b)

Baron de Montesquieu

c)

Adam Smith

d)

John Locke

23.

Popular French writer who supported justice, liberty, and religious tolerance, often attacking injustice and intolerance in his works

a)

Jean Jacques-Rousseau

b)

Baron de Montesquieu

c)

Voltaire

d)

Thomas Hobbes

24.

The Enlightenment leads to _____ because people began to question governments and the church

a)

Revolutions worldwide

b)

Peace among European nations

c)

Social Equality across many societies

d)

World War

25.
What country is highlighted on this map?
a)
China
b)
Korea
c)
India
d)
Japan
26.
Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor
a)
Bushido
b)
Daimyo
c)
Shogun
d)
Confucian
27.

What is the name of this empire?

a)

Songhai

b)

Mughal

c)

Ottoman

d)

Ming

28.

The government leaders of this empire were mostly Muslim, but the people of the empire were mostly Hindu.

a)

Mughal

b)

Ming

c)

Songhai

d)

Ottoman

29.

Constantinople, later renamed Istanbul, was the capital of which empire?

a)

Mughal

b)

Ottoman

c)

Ming

d)

Songhai

30.

Which empire did not fall until 1922 (right after World War I)?

a)

Mughal Empire

b)

Ottoman Empire

c)

Songhai Empire

d)

Tokugawa Shogunate

31.

self-governing non-Muslim (Jewish and Christian) communities within the Ottoman Empire that had the power to regulate their own communities, collect taxes, set up their own schools, and organize their own laws

a)

Millet

b)

Devshirme System

c)

Janissary

d)

Samurai

32.

a Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of modern-day India and Pakistan from 1526 to 1857.

a)

Mughal Empire

b)

Ottoman Empire

c)

Safavid Empire

d)

Austro-Hungarian Empire

33.

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

a)

Ottoman Empire

b)

Tokugawa Shogunate

c)

British Empire

d)

Ming Dynasty

34.

Government that ruled Japan (1600-1868)

a)

Tokugawa Shogunate

b)

Meiji Restoration

c)

Mughal Empire

d)

Ottoman Empire

35.

This map shows the location of which empire?

a)

Ottoman Empire

b)

Mughal Empire

c)

Japan

d)

China

36.

Which region was controlled by the Ottoman Empire in 1683?

a)

Central America

b)

South Asia

c)

East Asia

d)

Middle East

37.

Based on the passage, identify an issue faced by the Ottoman Empire in the 1600s

a)

The empire became too large to govern

b)

Global trade routes shifted

c)

Rulers were responsive to the needs of people living in the empre

d)

Trade increased in the empire

38.

Which of the following events was a reason the Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan was issued?

a)

War with China

b)

Trade with Europeans

c)

The Black Death

d)

Korean influence

39.

Which is the Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences such as Christianity?

a)

Versailles

b)

Mughal Empire

c)

Tokugawa Shogunate

d)

Ottoman Empire

40.

Who was the greatest of the Ottoman leaders, who expanded the empire, and restructured its system of laws?

a)

Louis XIV

b)

Peter the Great

c)

Akbar the Great

d)

Suleiman the Magnificent

41.

Who was Louis XIV?

a)

Great Ottoman leader, expanded the empire, and restructured laws.

b)

The most famous Mughal leader, known for religious tolerance

c)

Russian monarch who used Enlightenment ideas

d)

Known as the Sun King, an absolute monarch of France

42.
Which of these describes a political system in which a ruler holds total power?
a)
Absolutism
b)
Isolation
c)
Feudalism
d)
Samurai
43.
Who was Akbar the Great?
a)
Great Ottoman leader, expanded the empire, and restructured laws.
b)
The most famous Mughal leader, known for religious tolerance
c)
Russian monarch who used Enlightenment ideas
d)
Known as the Sun King, an absolute monarch of France
44.

Click on the image to read the document, then answer the question.


Based on this passage, one way the castle at Edo and the palace at Versailles are similar is that both

a)

became symbols of power and wealth

b)

developed into monastic centers of learning

c)

were meant to provide protection and prevent attacks

d)

served as monuments to the military

45.

Click on the image to read the document, then answer the question.


Which claim can best be supported by this passage?

a)

The more independent the nobles were the higher their status.

b)

Nobles maintained their authority by remaining isolated.

c)

Rulers controlled their nobles by influencing where they lived.

d)

Spending time in segregated sectors guaranteed nobles the support of their ruler.

46.

The actions in the cartoon were taken as an attempt to

a)

conform to Asian social values

b)

bow to pressures from the Ottoman Empire

c)

modernize the military

d)

Make Russia more like Western Europe

47.

Who was the Mughal emperor with a genius for cultural blending, military conquest, and art? He ruled from 1556 to 1605.

a)

Akbar

b)

Babur

c)

Shah Jahan

d)

Shivaji

48.

One way that Akbar the Great was able to achieve the changes shown on the map was

a)

Changing over to paper currency

b)

Religious Toleration

c)

Control over the monsoons

d)

Using metal battleships

49.

Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Louis XIV are all rulers associated with

a)

natural rights

b)

filial piety

c)

religious toleration

d)

absolutism

50.

Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

I.__________________________

A. Writings of Thomas Hobbes

B. Divine right theory

C. Centralization of political power

D. Reign of Louis XIV

a)

Beginning of Global Trade

b)

Growth of Democracy in Europe

c)

Rise of Absolutism

d)

Age of Exploration

51.

Which statement can best be supported by the information shown on this map?

a)

The Ottoman Empire included parts of northern Africa.

b)

The Safavid Empire controlled the entire Indian subcontinent.

c)

The Mughal Empire occupied territory adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea.

d)

The Ottoman Empire conquered less territory than either the Safavid or the Mughal Empire.

52.

One similarity in the rule of Peter the Great, Suleiman I, and Louis XIV is that each leader

a)

shared power with a legislature

b)

practiced religious toleration

c)

expanded his territory

d)

decreased the amount of taxes collected

53.

Base your answer to this question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

"It would be wrong to call the Ottoman Empire a purely Islamic state. It was not. It was a state that claimed some kind of an attachment, some kind of allegiance to Islam, but combined it with other forms of heritage from the Byzantine tradition or from the Turkic tradition that did not really correspond to Islam. So they always had this very, very pragmatic approach to Islam."

— Professor Edhem Eldem, Bogazici University, NPR News, All Things Considered, August 18, 2004

Which statement is best supported by the quotation?

a)

The culture of the Ottoman Empire was influenced only by religion.

b)

The Ottomans adopted Christianity from the Byzantine tradition.

c)

The Ottomans placed their cultural heritage above their religious customs by focusing on ancient Turkish beliefs instead of Islam.

d)

The Ottomans mostly practiced Islam but their culture was influenced by other aspects of their history. 

54.

One way that Sulieman the Great and Akbar the Great were different than other absolute monarchs is that they

a)

enlarged their armies

b)

lowered taxes

c)

consolidated their power

d)

allowed for religious toleration

55.

Base your answer to the question on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Speaker A: Although I spread serfdom in my country, I tried to modernize our society by incorporating western technology.

Speaker B: I promoted culture with my support of the arts. Unfortunately, I drained my country’s treasury by building my palace at Versailles and involving my country in costly wars.

Speaker C: I gained much wealth from my overseas empire in the Americas. I waged war against the Protestants and lost.

Speaker D: I inherited the throne and imprisoned my foes without a trial. I dissolved Parliament because I did not want to consult with them when I increased taxes.

Which type of government is most closely associated with all these speakers?

a)

limited monarchy

b)

absolute monarchy

c)

direct democracy

d)

constitutional democracy

56.

The location of the Ottoman Empire had an impact on the

a)

trade between Europe and Asia

b)

conquest of Spain by the Muslims

c)

spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia

d)

decline in the Atlantic slave trade

57.

Having a 'window to the west' made ___________ very important to Peter the Great.

a)

access to a warm water port

b)

shaving his beard

c)

raising taxes

d)

adopting sharia law

58.

". . . Here a new city shall be wrought [built]. . . .

Shall break a window to the West. . .

Here flags of foreign nations all

By waters new to them will call. . .."

      – Alexander Pushkin, The Bronze Horseman

Which Russian ruler's goals are described in the poem?

a)

Ivan the Terrible  

b)

Sulieman the Great

c)

Peter the Great

d)

Cardinal Richelieu

59.

What was the large palace occupied by the French monarchy during the 17th and 18th centuries?

a)

Versailles

b)

Sans Souci

c)

White House

d)

Winter Palace

60.

Peter the Great's main reason for visiting the West was to:

a)

gain allies for Russia

b)

gain a warm-water seaport for Russia

c)

learn about Western customs and technology

d)

impress the West with Russian technology

61.

This Russian ruler helped to modernize and "Westernize" Russia.

a)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

b)

Napoleon Bonaparte

c)

Louis XIV

d)

Peter the Great

62.
France divided its people into 3 _________
a)
Districts
b)
Classes
c)
Estates
d)
Estates General 
63.
The king of France during the French Revolution:
a)
Napoleon
b)
Leoverture 
c)
Louis XVI
d)
Robespierre
64.
Who belonged to the First Estate?
a)
nobles
b)
clergy
c)
peasants
d)
royalty
65.
Which of the three estates was the poorest?
a)
1st Estate
b)
2nd Estate
c)
3rd Estate
66.
Which estate did the nobles belong to?
a)
1st Estate
b)
2nd Estate
c)
3rd Estate
67.
Which of the following was a reason why France was nearly bankrupt?
a)
The king lowered taxes 
b)
The king took their money to create jobs
c)
The king spent the taxes on wars and himself
d)
They had fought against the Americans in the revolution
68.
The French Revolution was inspired by _______________ thinkers.
a)
Scientific Revolution
b)
Clergy
c)
Enlightenment
d)
Revolutionary
69.
Which estate paid ALL of the taxes in France prior to the French Revolution?
a)
1st Estate
b)
2nd Estate
c)
3rd Estate
70.
Which estate had the highest percentage of the population?
a)
1st estate
b)
2nd Estate
c)
3rd Estate
71.

Which of the following would NOT belong to the Third Estate

a)

Peasant Farmer

b)

Lawyer

c)

Merchant

d)

Priest

72.
Why was voting in the Estates General unfair
a)
votes were not secret
b)
each estate voted by how many members there were
c)
each estate got the same number of votes
d)
the King got two votes
73.
France was deep in debt because
a)
money spent on the American Revolution
b)
the queen's lavish spending
c)
the 1st and 2nd estates did not pay taxes
d)
all of the above
74.
Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Revolution
a)
Heavy taxation of the Third Estate
b)
Widespread Crop Failure
c)
Spending of the King and Queen puts France in debt
d)
People not being represented in Congress
75.

What role did bread play in the French Revolution

a)

Poor Harvest led to higher bread prices and the poor could not afford to buy bread.

b)

The King put a tax on bread.

c)

The people were angry they were forced to buy stale bread.

d)

The Third Estate did not want to eat bread anymore but were being forced to by the First and Second Estates

76.

Why did the price of bread skyrocket?

a)

Grain scarcity greatly reduced the supply of bread.

b)

The Economy was bad and Bakers had to bump their prices to avoid bankruptcy.

c)

The King demanded it.

d)

Grain scarcity greatly reduced the demand for bread.

77.

In 1789, the King of France called _______ to discuss the financial issues they were experiencing.

a)

Congress of the Estates

b)

Estates General

c)

The Great Meeting

d)

The Convocation of France

78.

The Third Estate broke with the Estates General because __________?

a)

They wanted more votes to represent their 97% of the population.

b)

The king refused to allow peasants into the meeting.

c)

There was not enough room in the palace of Versailles.

d)

None of the above.

79.

The Bastille was ______________.

a)

A symbol of the old system o absolute monarchy and oppression.

b)

A prison in Paris.

c)

A place of horrible punishment and filth.

d)

All of the above are correct.

80.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the tax system in France before the Revolution?

a)

Only the nobles paid taxes.

b)

Only the clergy paid taxes.

c)

The 3rd Estate paid most taxes.

d)

There were no taxes.

81.

The National Assembly was formed by _________.

a)

The First Estate

b)

The Second Estate

c)

The Third Estate

d)

The King

82.

Turning France into a constitutional monarchy was an expression of which of the following Enlightenment values?

a)

The right to a fair trial

b)

Natural rights

c)

The social contract

d)

Equal rights for men and women

83.

Who led the Committee for Public Safety and the Reign of Terror?

a)

King Louis XVI

b)

Napoleon Bonaparte

c)

The First Estate

d)

Maximilien Robespierre

84.

How did Napoleon come to power in France?

a)

He led a coup d'etat and overthrew the French Gov.

b)

He was elected among several candidates after Robespierre's death.

c)

He was chosen by the Pope.

d)

He was chosen by the nobles of France because he was a distant relative of Louis XVI.

85.

A sudden takeover of a government with the threat of/use of force is called _______________.

a)

Guerrilla warfare

b)

Coup d'etat

c)

Regime change

d)

Lycee

86.

Which of the following is an example of the changes Napoleon brought to France, once he was in power?

a)

Public education for boys

b)

More fair and honest tax collection

c)

Freedom of religion

d)

All of the above are correct

87.

When one country tries to block the flow of goods in and out of another city/country, it is called a _________.

a)

Blockade

b)

Guerrilla warfare

c)

Scorched-earth policy

d)

None of the above is correct

88.

Where was Napoleon FINALLY defeated?

a)

Trafalgar

b)

Waterloo

c)

Leipzig

d)

Moscow

89.

What cause of the French Revolution is represented by this image?

a)

Weak leadership of the monarchy

b)

Unequal social class system

c)

Economic crisis

d)

Inspiration from the Enlightenment

90.

What does letter A represent in this image?

a)

1st Estate

b)

2nd Estate

c)

3rd Estate

d)

Estates General

91.

Which event is associated with this image?

a)

Reign of Terror

b)

Meeting of the Estates General

c)

Rise of Napoleon

d)

Storming of the Bastille

92.

What leader is associated with this image?

a)

Napoleon

b)

Robespierre

c)

Louis XIV

d)

Louis XVI

93.

What leader is associated with this image?

a)

Napoleon

b)

Robespierre

c)

Louis XIV

d)

Louis XVI

94.

Which event is associated with this image?

a)

Reign of Terror

b)

Meeting of the Estates General

c)

Rise of Napoleon

d)

Storming of the Bastille

95.

Who came to power in France at the end of the French Revolution?

a)

Napoleon

b)

Louis XIV

c)

Robespierre

d)

Louis XVI

96.

Which leader would have used this machine to execute enemies of the Revolution?

a)

Napoleon

b)

Robespierre

c)

Louis XVI

d)

Metternich

97.

Under the Old Regime in France, the burden of taxation fell mostly on the

a)

monarchy

b)

nobles

c)

clergy

d)

commoners

98.

Belief in the ideas of the Enlightenment and discontent within the Third Estate were causes of the

a)

French Revolution

b)

Counter Reformation

c)

Industrial Revolution

d)

Spanish Reconquista

99.

Which issue was a cause of the French Revolution?

a)

ineffective rule of Napoleon Bonaparte

b)

nationalization of the Church

c)

outrage over the use of the guillotine by the Committee of Public Safety

d)

demand of the Third Estate for more political power

100.

Which of these events related to the French Revolution occurred first?

a)

Napoleon became emperor of France.

b)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man was issued.

c)

Louis XVI called the Estates General into session.

d)

The Committee of Public Safety led the Reign of Terror.

101.

“The French Revolution is most important for having changed subjects to citizens.”


This statement emphasizes the shift from

a)

religious traditions to secular values

b)

divine right rule to people’s participation in government

c)

rural lifestyles to urban lifestyles

d)

private property ownership to government ownership

102.

“. . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. . . .”

—Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789


Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from the French Revolution?

a)

natural law

b)

nationalism

c)

free trade

d)

socialism

103.

Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins are best known for

a)

instituting the Reign of Terror

b)

protecting the Catholic Church

c)

supporting the reign of King Louis XVI

d)

sending French troops to fight in the American Revolution

104.

Estate is another word for:

a)

Social class

b)

Dinner Date

c)

Unfair Taxes

d)

King's Palace

105.

The French Revolution started with the storming of the:

a)

Bastille

b)

White House

c)

Palace

d)

Guillotine

106.

In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General Meeting that broke away and declared themselves to be the National Assembly were from which social class?

a)

First Estate.

b)

Second Estate.

c)

Third Estate.

d)

Fourth Estate.

107.

In which way did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?

a)

Superstition and ignorance were promoted.

b)

The principles of mercantilism were glorified.

c)

The divine right theory of kings was challenged.

d)

Punishments for criminal acts were rooted in vengeance.

108.
The first government of the French Revolution was called:
a)
National Guard
b)
National Assembly
c)
National Congress
d)
Continental Congress
109.

Before the French Revolution, why did the representatives of the Third Estate form the National Assembly?

a)

voting in the Estates General was not fair

b)

the king had ordered them to do so

c)

they wanted an end to the Reign of Terror

d)

they demanded that the king be put on trial and executed

110.

Which of the following was NOT a domestic reform under Napoleons imperial rule?

a)

Established public education opportunities

b)

Institutes a period of persecution and execution known as the "Reign of Terror"

c)

Set up a fair and equal tax code that led to a stable economy

d)

Seized power through a coup'etat and issued the Napoleonic code

111.

The great French empire that Napoleon created eventually fell after the unsuccessful invasion of Russia. Why was the invasion considered a great disaster for Napoleon?

a)

There was a massive air attack by the Russians that wiped out most of Napoleons army

b)

Russia's scorched-earth policy and cold winter wiped out most of Napoleons army

c)

The Battle of the Bulge wiped out most of Napoleons army

d)

The newly formed United States allied with Russia to wipe out most of Napoleons army

112.
Napoleon’s first defeat, costing him over 500,000 men, and forcing him to retreat home was caused by: 
a)
USA
b)
Germany 
c)
Russia 
d)
Canada
113.
What was one accomplishment of Napoleon? 
a)
uniform set of laws
b)
Solved religious problems
c)
Decreased the economy
d)
Provided funding for new building
114.
Who crowned Napoleon emperor in 1804?
a)
The Pope
b)
He crowned himself
c)
The King of France
d)
The people voted him Emperor
115.

This person claimed it was possible to build a "republic of virtue" He also lead the Reign of Terror

a)

Napoleon

b)

Louis XVI

c)

Marie Antoinette

d)

Maximilien Robespierre

116.
Which nation was his most hated enemy?
a)
Russia
b)
England
c)
Austria
d)
Spain
117.

What was the name of Napoleon's set of rules and regulations?

a)

Napoleon's Way

b)

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

c)

Napoleonic Code

d)

French Code of Ethics

118.

When the Estates General occurred and the Third Estate was locked out of the meeting, what famous event was the result?

a)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

b)

The Tennis Court Oath

c)

The Women's March

d)

The Storming of the Bastille

119.

The guillotine was invented by:

a)

a scientist

b)

a doctor

c)

an astronomer

d)

a blacksmith

120.

Which form of government led France throughout The Terror and The Great Terror?

a)

The Committee of Public Safety

b)

The National Assembly

c)

The Legislative Assembly

d)

The National Convention

121.

From this list, who was not beheaded by the guillotine?

a)

Maximilien Robespierre

b)

Marie Antoinette

c)

Napoleon Bonaparte

d)

Louis XVI

122.

What revolutionary event is celebrated annually in France today?

a)

The Tennis Court Oath

b)

The Gathering of the Estates-General

c)

The Storming of the Bastille

d)

The March on Versailles

123.

Name the government that was overthrown by Napoleon in 1799?

a)

The Directory

b)

The Committee of Elders

c)

The Convention of Safety

d)

The National Convention