energy of molecules moving

(a)  

energy stored in position/configuration

(a)  

energy stored in chemical bonds

(a)  

is conserved
• cannot be created or destroyed
• can only be transferred and transformed

(a)  

primarily based on difference in potential energy

(a)  

amount of disorder

(a)  

total entropy always increases in a system

(a)  

Unstable intermediate condition - _______ _______ is formed

(a)  

determines whether reaction is spontaneous or requires energy to proceed

(a)  

Energetic coupling
• Between exergonic and endergonic reactions
• Allows chemical energy released from one reaction
• To drive another reaction

(a)  

accepts two electrons plus two protons to form FADH2

(a)  

readily donate electrons to other molecules

(a)  

energy currency for cells
provides fuel for most cellular activities

(a)  

ATP forms bonds between three negatively charged (a)   groups

-is adding a phosphate group
- Usually causes a change in the protein’s shape

(a)  

Some organisms can switch between fermentation and aerobic respiration called _____ ______

(a)  

Enzymes are protein (a)  

Protein structure is dependent on (a)  

occurs when a molecule competes with substrate for active site

(a)  

occurs when a molecule binds at a location other than the active site

(a)  

Reaction rates are (a)   when ATP and NADH are scarce

Energy to produce ATP comes from a proton gradient this process is called _______ _________

(a)  

enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by final product of that pathway

(a)  

molecular unit of currency

(a)  

each glucose molecule can produce up to (a)   ATP molecules

Use fermentation only if an ________ _______ is not available

(a)  

(a)   _ transfers electrons between complexes

A six-carbon glucose is broken down into two three- carbon pyruvate

series of 10 chemical reactions that occur in the cytosol

(a)  

Each pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl -CoA

(a)  

Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2

(a)  

Most of the ATP made during cellular respiration is made by __________ __________

(a)  

Electrons move through a transport chain and their energy is used to set up a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP

(a)  

Glycolysis is regulated by ________ ________

(a)  

most effective electron acceptor

(a)  

set of reactions that uses electrons from high-energy molecules to make ATP

(a)  

High levels of ATP (a product of glycolysis) inhibit the third enzyme:

(a)  

Pyruvate produced during glycolysis is transported into: (a)  

Glycolysis is regulated by _______ __________

(a)  

• Completes the breakdown of C6H12O6 to CO2


(a)  

Pyruvate processing takes place inside an enormous enzyme complex called __________ ____________

(a)  

Is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

(a)  

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

(a)  

Almost all plants are (a)   using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2

(a)   obtain their organic material from other organisms

another name for light independent/dark reactions

(a)  

the light dependent reactions electrons are excited by

(a)  

Photosynthesis occurs in the


(a)  

Chloroplasts have (a)   membranes

Space inside a thylakoid is its

(a)  

Space surrounding thylakoids is the

(a)  

Thylakoid membranes contain large quantities of

(a)  

Most common pigment in thylakoids
Reflects green light
Responsible for green color of plants and algae

(a)  

Pigments are substances that absorb _____ _______

(a)  

Absorb red and blue light
Reflect and transmit green light

(a)  

Absorb blue and green light
Reflect and transmit yellow, orange, and red ligh

(a)  

Chlorophyll _ is the main photosynthetic pigment

(a)  

When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called (a)  

Chlorophyll molecules work together in groups they form a complex called a (a)  

(a)   work together to produce an enhancement effect

Protons diffuse (a)   their electrochemical gradient

Protons flow through ATP synthase by (a)  

Since the energy to make ATP comes from light energy, the process is called (a)  

Electrons from photosystem I produce (a)  

CO2 reacts with a five-carbon compound called ribulosebisphosphate

(a)  

The 3PGA are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

(a)  

The remaining G3P is used in reactions that use ATP to regenerate RuBP

(a)  

Fixation -3 RuBP + 3 CO2=

(a)  

Reduction -6 3PGA + 6 ATP + 6 NADPH yields

(a)  

Regeneration- 5 G3P + 3 ATP yields=

(a)  

The Calvin cycle occurs in the (a)   of chloroplasts

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named (a)  

-Found in all photosynthetic organisms that use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon
-most abundant enzyme on Earth

(a)  

longer wavelength

(a)  

Plants have pores called (a)   that allow gas exchange

___ ______ _____-change shape to open or close the pore

(a)  

CAM

-plants open stomata at night and fix CO2
-release CO2 and run Calvin cycle during the day when stomata are closed

(a)  

When O2 and RuBP react in rubisco’s active site, one of the products undergoes a process called (a)  

Thylakoids Form stacks called (a)  

shorter wavelength

(a)  

When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is (a)  

PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 to a 3-carbon molecule in ________ ____ near the surface

(a)  

the process that regulates glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is known as

(a)  

A product of glycolysis is (a)  

pyruvate processing is located in the (a)   for prokaryotes

Pyruvate processing is located in the _________ _____ in eukaryotes

(a)  

When the substrates are bound to the active site

(a)  

Substrates bind via ________ ______

(a)  

Regulating Enzymes via Noncovalent Interactions, does not permanently affect the enzyme structure Is referred to as (a)  

• A series of reactions
• Each catalyzed by a different enzyme
• To build biological molecules

(a)  

break down molecules



(a)  

synthesize molecules

(a)  

glucose is oxidized to

(a)  

oxygen atoms are reduced to form

(a)  

Pigments are substances that absorb _______ _______

(a)  

The Calvin cycle occurs in the (a)   of chloroplasts

-Found in all photosynthetic organisms that use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon
- most abundant enzyme on Earth

(a)  

C4 plants use what enzyme

(a)  

CAM plants (a)   separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle