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2.1-2.5 Review

Total questions: 66

Worksheet time: 37mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
a)
Recognition
b)
Recall
c)
Relearning
d)
Rehearsal
e)
Imagery
2.
As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tyler was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tyler's current thoughts being processed?
a)
sensory memory
b)
the cerebellum
c)
working memory
d)
echoic memory
e)
long-term memory
3.
Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory.
a)
sensory
b)
short-term
c)
flashbulb
d)
implicit
e)
state-dependent
4.
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
a)
chunking
b)
imagination inflation
c)
the serial position effect<br />
d)
the peg-word system<br />
e)
implicit memory
5.
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
a)
semantic encoding
b)
long-term potentiation
c)
automatic processing
d)
the peg-word system<br />
e)
iconic memory
6.
Although Mr. Kameda has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his
a)
brainstem
b)
cerebellum
c)
hypothalamus
d)
hippocampus
e)
motor cortex
7.
The fact that older people are often less able than younger adults to recall recently learned information can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with
a)
automatic processing.
b)
iconic memory.
c)
state-dependent memory.
d)
retrieval.
e)
implicit memory.
8.
Studying psychological concepts while riding the bus, walking to lunch, and waiting for class to begin will improve your memory of the concepts by taking advantage of
a)
chunking.
b)
the self-reference effect.
c)
priming.
d)
the serial position effect.
e)
the spacing effect.
9.
Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
a)
schema
b)
heuristic
c)
cognition
d)
syntax
e)
language
10.
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
a)
divergent thinking.
b)
framing.
c)
convergent thinking.
d)
belief perseverance.
e)
the availability heuristic.
11.
Vishant overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
a)
overconfidence.
b)
fixation.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
confirmation bias.
e)
the availability heuristic.
12.
Which of the following has a tendency to be the hardest way to learn something?
a)
When positive transfer occurs.
b)
Using shallow processing.
c)
Using elaborative rehearsal
d)
Using deep processing.
13.
According to _________ theory, you are likely to form memories that mirror your emotional state.
a)
Mood congruent
b)
Mood dependent
c)
episodic memory
d)
priming
14.
Which of the following memories happen with conscious awareness?
a)
Implicit Memories
b)
Episodic Memories
c)
Procedural Memories
d)
Repressive Memories
15.

What is perceptual organization in psychology?

a)

The process by which our brain ignores sensory information.

b)

The process by which our brain creates sensory information.

c)

The process by which our brain forgets sensory information.

d)

The process by which our brain organizes and makes sense of sensory information.

16.

Explain the concept of figure-ground perception.

a)

The concept of figure-ground perception involves perceiving the background as the main focus and the object as secondary.

b)

The concept of figure-ground perception involves distinguishing an object from its background.

c)

The concept of figure-ground perception involves blurring the distinction between an object and its background.

d)

The concept of figure-ground perception involves merging an object with its background.

17.

What are the Gestalt principles in psychology?

a)

The Gestalt principles in psychology are a set of principles that describe how humans perceive and organize visual information.

b)

The Gestalt principles in psychology are a set of principles that describe how humans perceive and organize olfactory information.

c)

The Gestalt principles in psychology are a set of principles that describe how humans perceive and organize tactile information.

d)

The Gestalt principles in psychology are a set of principles that describe how humans perceive and organize auditory information.

18.

Define top-down processing in the context of psychology.

a)

The cognitive process in which sensory information influences prior knowledge, expectations, and context.

b)

The cognitive process in which perception and interpretation of sensory information are not influenced by prior knowledge, expectations, and context.

c)

The cognitive process in which prior knowledge, expectations, and context influence perception and interpretation of sensory information.

d)

The cognitive process in which sensory information is processed from bottom to top.

19.

What is bottom-up processing in psychology?

a)

The process of analyzing and interpreting sensory information starting from the basic sensory input and moving towards lower-level cognitive processing.

b)

The process of analyzing and interpreting sensory information starting from the middle-level cognitive processing and moving towards basic sensory input.

c)

The process of analyzing and interpreting sensory information starting from the basic sensory input and moving towards higher-level cognitive processing.

d)

The process of analyzing and interpreting sensory information starting from higher-level cognitive processing and moving towards basic sensory input.

20.

Name and briefly explain three Gestalt principles.

a)

Continuity, Figure-ground, Symmetry

b)

Alignment, Repetition, Figure-ground

c)

Continuity, Symmetry, Alignment

d)

Proximity, Similarity, Closure

21.

What is the purpose of monocular cues?

a)

To perceive relative distance from an object in one's visual field.

b)

To organize raw data information from the sensory receptors.

c)

To interpret information using prior knowledge and past experiences.

d)

To require two eyes for perception.

22.

What is the purpose of binocular cues?

a)

To perceive relative distance from an object in one's visual field.

b)

To organize raw data information from the sensory receptors.

c)

To interpret information using prior knowledge and past experiences.

d)

To require two eyes for perception.

23.

What is the monocular cue of relative size?

a)

Objects that are higher appear to be farther away.

b)

Objects that are closer appear larger.

c)

Parallel lines appear to converge at a point in the distance.

d)

Objects that are clear and have more details appear closer.

24.

What is the principle of proximity?

a)

The tendency of our visual system to simplify information into figures and background.

b)

The idea that when something is incomplete, our mind will fill in the missing information.

c)

The perception of objects that look the same as a group or pattern.

d)

The position of different objects that are close to each other creates a relationship between them.

25.

According to gestalt psychology, what is the principle of closure?

a)

The tendency of our visual system to simplify information into figures and background.

b)

The idea that when something is incomplete, our mind will fill in the missing information.

c)

The perception of objects that look the same as a group or pattern.

d)

The organization of sensory data.

26.

Our mental image that best represents a category is called a...

a)

Insight

b)

Heuristic

c)

Prototype

d)

Algorithm

e)

Retrieval

27.

Which type of problem solving technique is methodical, logical, and will always lead to a correct answer if there is one?

a)

Heuristic

b)

Insight

c)

Algorithm

d)

Convergent Thinking

e)

Divergent Thinking

28.

Which type of problem solving strategy allows us to make an estimate on the likelihood of events based on how much that event matches a prototype?

a)

Intuition

b)

Insight

c)

Availability Heuristic

d)

Representativeness Heuristic

e)

Algorithm

29.

What is our tendency to think we know or can perform better or more accurately than we really can?

a)

Confirmation Bias

b)

Overconfidence

c)

Intuition

d)

Insight

e)

Algorithm

30.

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

a)

the availability heuristic.

b)

belief perseverance.

c)

an algorithm.

d)

the representativeness heuristic.

e)

fixation.

31.

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on

a)

prototypes.

b)

heuristics.

c)

phonemes.

d)

algorithms.

e)

framing.

32.

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of

a)

the availability heuristic.

b)

confirmation bias.

c)

the framing effect.

d)

belief perseverance.

e)

the representativeness heuristic.

33.
Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: 
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
34.
Problem solving is one type of cognitive activity in which we all engage.  Which of the following cognitive tendencies is seen to be an obstacle to problem solving?
a)
availability heuristic
b)
insight
c)
prototype confusion
d)
confirmation bias
35.
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of: 
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
an algorithm.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
36.
Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third.  This best illustrates:
a)
framing.
b)
belief bias.
c)
representativeness heuristics.
d)
confirmation bias.
37.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
 The representativeness  algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
c)
 Possible variations in the prototype are considered
d)
 We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
38.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
 The representativeness  algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
c)
 Possible variations in the prototype are considered
d)
 We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
39.
Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third.  This best illustrates:
a)
framing.
b)
belief bias.
c)
representativeness heuristics.
d)
confirmation bias.
40.

Which of the following components is the odd one out?

a)

Central Executive

b)

Sensory Store

c)

Phonological Loop

d)

Episodic Buffer

41.

What action is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory?

a)

Attention

b)

Rehearsal

c)

Retrieval

d)

Chunking

42.

How many components does the Multi-store model of memory contain?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

43.
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage 
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
44.

What are the three stages of memory in order?

a)

Sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory

b)

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

c)

Short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory

d)

Long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory

45.

General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in

____________________ memory.

a)

procedural

b)

episodic

c)

semantic

d)

implicit

46.

Memory in which people recall events in great detail is called

a)

flashbulb memory.

b)

semantic memory.

c)

iconic memory.

d)

implicit memory.

47.

Studying for a test in the same room in which it will be held may result in a better grade because of

a)

iconic memory

b)

state-dependent memory

c)

eidetic memory

d)

context-dependent memory

48.

Computers and people both handle information using the process of

a)

recognition, storage, and retrieval.

b)

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

c)

encoding, storage, and forgetting.

d)

encoding, storage, and maintenance.

49.
The process of filing information into your memory is...
a)
Chunking
b)
Encoding
c)
Retrieving
d)
Priming
50.
An image that is flashed before us for only a fraction of a second is captured by our
a)
Short term memory
b)
Echoic Memory
c)
Iconic memory
d)
Long term memory
51.

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory processing?

a)

It is responsible for motor control.

b)

It plays a key role in forming new memories.

c)

It regulates emotions.

d)

It processes visual information.

52.

Which of the following is an example of a heuristic in problem-solving?

a)

Using a step-by-step procedure to solve a math problem.

b)

Guessing the answer based on past experiences.

c)

Memorizing a list of vocabulary words.

d)

Following a recipe to bake a cake.

53.

What is the primary function of the central executive in the working memory model?

a)

To store visual and spatial information.

b)

To coordinate and control cognitive processes.

c)

To store auditory information.

d)

To transfer information to long-term memory.

54.

If I want to find sriracha sauce in the grocery store, I could go up and down every aisle until I found it. This would take longer, but guarantee I find it. This is called using

a)

An algorithm

b)

A heuristic

55.

If I want to find sriracha sauce in the grocery store, I could check the most obvious places (Asian section, sauce section, etc...). This "rule of thumb" thinking is called using

a)

An algorithm

b)

A heuristic

56.

the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes, often involving a conscious attempt to control them. 

a)

Metacognition

b)

Prototype

c)

Anchoring Effect

d)

Fixed Mindset

57.

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, usually speedier, but also more error-prone than algorithms. 

a)

Availability Heuristic

b)

Representative Heuristics

c)

Heuristics

d)

Algorithm

58.

All the mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

a)

Concepts

b)

Metacognition

c)

Cognition

d)

Critical Thinking

59.

The last time Mark's computer froze he restarted it and it worked. The next time his computer froze the only solution he could think of is to restart it again.

a)

out of box thinking

b)

divergent thinking

c)

functional fixedness

d)

Mental set

60.

When Carter is asked to consciously recall his elementary school years he is using what type of memory

a)

Short term - echoic memory

b)

Explicit - semantic memory

c)

Explicit - episodic memory

d)

Implicit - procedural memory

61.

Ben's good friend Jessica decided to wait until the last week to study for the AP exam. Ben, on the other hand, took the suggestion of Mrs. Hoerner and spaced out his review over 6 weeks.

a)

Distributed practice

b)

Massed practice

c)

Cram practice

d)

Encoding

62.

Brock recalls his most embarrassing memory of the HHS freshman basketball team because he uses this type of memory.

a)

Semantic memory

b)

Episodic memory

c)

Procedural memory

d)

Implicit memory

63.
Preserves brief sensory impression for only a fraction of a second.
a)
Sensory Memory
b)
Working Memory
c)
Short-Term Memory
d)
Long-Term Memory
64.

What is the term for the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in the memory system?

a)

memory retrieval

b)

memory storage

c)

memory consolidation

d)

memory encoding

65.
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a)
short-term
b)
explicit
c)
implicit
d)
sensory
66.
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
The representativeness heuristic
d)
Functional fixedness

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