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WorksheetsAP Biology Unit 4
Total questions: 60
Worksheet time: 42mins
What are the three parts of signal transduction pathway?
reception, transduction, response
confirmation, transduction, transcription
reception, amplification, transcription
confirmation, amplification, response
Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction?
secondary messengers
protein modification
phosphorylation cascade
ligands
Describe what occurs when the ligand binds to the receptor.
confirmation change in shape of receptor
phosphorylation of ligand
ligand passes through the membrane
receptor binds additional ligands
Which of the following is NOT a response by the cell from a signal transduction pathway?
cell growth
gene expression
secretion of molecules
all of the above are responses
Which of the following is NOT a stage of the cell cycle?
interphase
cytokinesis
mitosis
apoptosis
Which of the following is the stage where the cell no longer divides?
G0
G1
G2
S
Which of the following describes the order of the steps in mitosis?
metaphase, telophase, anaphase, prophase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
Describe the interaction between cyclin and CdK.
cyclin interacts with CdK to initiate the mitotic phase
cyclin is the precursor to CdK, when synthesized allow for mitosis proceed
cyclin acts as an inhibitor to CdK to wait for all DNA to be synthesized
cyclin binds to CdK to initiate DNA replication
Mitosis results in...
2 identical diploid cells
4 unique diploid cells
2 unique haploid cells
4 identical haploid cells
If a medicine works by blocking a secondary messenger, what effect would it have on that cell signaling pathway?
It would increase the response if the pathway
It would trigger the release of more ligands
It would activate the transcription of a desired gene
It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response
Which of the following describes anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane is broken down
Sister chromatids are separated and kinetochores begin pulling chromosomes to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and begin moving sister chromatids towards the cell's equator
Chromosomes decondense and two nuclei form within the cell
What evidence is there that cell communication is a process that has evolved over billions of years?
Only cells with a nucleus are able to communicate effectively
The processes are very similar in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have much more advanced signaling pathways
Prokaryotic cells are much more efficient at communicating.
This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?
A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor
Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells
Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins
cAMP is formed activating a desired response
Why do hormones not affect every cell in the body when they are released?
All cells are affected by a hormone when it is released
A cell needs a specific receptor for the hormone to be affected
A cell must have the proper ATP levels to activate a cellular response
Cells need compatible DNA for the hormone to activate transcription of a gene
Secondary messengers that can activate or deactivate enzymes in a cell are typically part of which step of cell signaling?
Reception
Transduction
Response
When we are dehydrated, ADH is released which causes more water to be absorbed into our bloodstream. What type of feedback does this represent?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
What important event happens during the S-phase of the cell cycle?
The mitotic spindle forms
The nuclear membrane breaks down
DNA replication
Sister chromatids separate
How much DNA should a daughter cell at the end of cytokinesis have when compared to the original parent cell?
Half the amount
The exact same amount
Double the amount
Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the greatest amount of time in?
S phase
Interphase
M-phase
Cytokinesis
How are cyclins and CDKs involved with the cell cycle?
Cyclins stop the cell cycle from proceeding
Cyclins and CDKs make up a protein ring used to perform cytokinesis
Cyclins activate CDKs, which perform the work of cell division
CDKs are secreted from cells to trigger division in neighboring cells
Which of the following are enzymes that relay signals inside the cell by phosphorylating various molecules?
Protein Phosphatase
Protein Kinase
Receptors
Ligands
Programmed cell death is known as
mutation
termination
cytokinesis
apoptosis
The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is __________.
cAMP
protein kinase
GTP
ATP
protein phosphatase
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
only target cells have enzymes that break down aldosterone.
only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on.
Figure 1 shows a model of a signal transduction cascade, initiated by the binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor protein A. A DNA mutation changes the shape of the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor protein A produced by the cell. Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?
Production of activated molecule 1 will stop, but production of activated molecules 2 and 3 will continue.
The molecule that normally binds to protein A will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.
The molecule that normally binds to protein A will not enter the cell, thus no cellular response will occur.
Since protein A is embedded in the membrane, the mutation will be silent and not affect the cellular response.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?
It involves the opening and closing of ion channels.
It involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
It involves changes in the expression of target genes.
It involves protons moving down a concentration gradient.
Notch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch’s ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell’s nucleus and alter the expression of specific genes.
Which of the following statements best explains Delta’s role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?
Delta transmits a chemical signal to all the cells of a developing embryo.
Delta allows the cells of a developing embryo to communicate without making direct contact.
Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.
Delta determines which cells in a developing embryo express the gene that encodes the Notch protein.
Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?
The proteins receive electrical signals from nerve cells.
The proteins leave the cell and travel in the bloodstream to other cells.
The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.
The proteins bind to molecules secreted by cells located in other parts of the body.
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets will rush to the site of damage and adhere to the vessel beginning the formation of a blood clot. These platelets will then release a chemical into the bloodstream, which recruits even more platelets to rush to the site of damage. As more platelets accumulate, more of the signaling chemical is released into the blood. This process will end when the blood has been sufficiently clotted and active bleeding is no longer occurring. What type of feedback loop is blood clotting an example of?
Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form.
The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
Which of the following is not an example of a negative feedback loop?
body maintaining a temperature of about 37°C
release of ADH to increase H2O reabsorption when dehydrated
a ripe apple releasing ethylene, which causes more ripening
heart rate increasing when exercising to deliver more O2 to cells
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate developing between two nuclei. What's going on?
a plant cell is in the process of cytokinesis
an animal cell is in the process of cytokinesis
an animal cell is in the S phase of the cell cycle
a bacterial cell is diving via binary fission
is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment
What evidence is there that cell communication is a process that has evolved over billions of years?
Only cells with a nucleus are able to communicate effectively
The processes are very similar in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells have much more advanced signaling pathways
Prokaryotic cells are much more efficient at communicating.
Plant cells can exchange small soluble compounds with neighboring cells directly through junctions in the cell wall called -
gap junctions
thylakoids
stomata
plasmodesmata
Which of these is a common type of final response in a signal transduction pathway?
Activation of a G-protein receptor
Transcription of a desired mRNA sequence
Formation of cAMP
Phosphorylation cascade
This diagram shows transduction of a signal. How is the signal being transduced to its target location in the cell?
A hormone is binding to an intracellular protein receptor
Transport vesicles are passing neurotransmitters to neighboring cells
Enzymes are passing phosphate groups down a series of proteins
cAMP is formed activating a desired response
How is negative feedback different from positive feedback?
Negative feedback harms the body
Negative feedback works to reverse a change in a system
Negative feedback is rarer than positive
Negative feedback is slower than positive feedback
What is the process by which cells communicate with each other?
Cell transportation
Cell division
Cell reception
Cell signaling
Which molecules are commonly involved in cell communication?
Antibodies
Enzymes
Neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, growth factors
Lipids
Explain the concept of signal transduction in cell communication.
Signal transduction is the process of cell division
Signal transduction involves the movement of cells in the body
Signal transduction is the process of cell respiration
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another.
What is the role of receptors in cell communication?
Receptors in cell communication have no role in triggering cellular responses
Receptors in cell communication are only found in plant cells
Receptors in cell communication produce signaling molecules
Receptors in cell communication recognize and bind specific signaling molecules to trigger a cellular response.
How do cells regulate their progression through the cell cycle?
Checkpoints controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins
Cells regulate their progression through the cell cycle by external factors only
Cells regulate their progression through the cell cycle by random chance
Cells regulate their progression through the cell cycle by following a predetermined schedule
What are the key checkpoints in the cell cycle regulation?
G1/S checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint, metaphase checkpoint
S/G2 checkpoint
Anaphase checkpoint
Interphase checkpoint
How do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate the cell cycle?
Cyclins bind to CDKs to form complexes that regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating target proteins.
Cyclins degrade CDKs to stop the cell cycle
Cyclins inhibit CDKs to halt the cell cycle progression
Cyclins detach from CDKs to accelerate the cell cycle
Explain the difference between interphase and mitotic phase in the cell cycle.
Interphase is the phase where the cell prepares for division, while mitotic phase is when the cell rests.
Interphase is the phase where the cell grows and prepares for division, while mitotic phase is the phase where the cell actually divides.
Interphase is when the cell divides, while mitotic phase is when the cell grows.
Interphase and mitotic phase are the same thing.
What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell cycle progression?
Improved cellular function
Formation of tumors, cancer, and other serious health issues
Decreased cell division
Enhanced cell growth
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of cell cycle regulation?
Cancer cells have faster cell cycle progression than normal cells.
Cancer cells have identical cell cycle regulation to normal cells.
Cancer cells have dysregulated cell cycle control due to mutations in cell cycle regulatory genes.
Cancer cells have more checkpoints in the cell cycle than normal cells.
What is the primary role of receptor proteins in cell signaling?
To synthesize signal molecules
To receive and respond to chemical signals
To produce cellular energy
To replicate DNA
What is the main function of second messengers in cell signaling?
To amplify the signal received by the receptor
To deactivate the signaling pathway
To act as the primary signal molecule
To directly alter gene expression
In the context of signal transduction, what is a kinase?
An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins
A molecule that binds to DNA to initiate transcription
A type of receptor on the cell surface
A second messenger molecule
Which of the following is a characteristic of cell signaling pathways?
They are irreversible.
They only occur outside the cell.
They can amplify the signal received by the cell.
They reduce the specificity of the signal.
Which of the following best describes the specificity of cell signaling?
All cells respond to all signals in the same way.
Only certain cells can respond to a specific signal, depending on the receptors they express.
Signals are not specific and can induce any response in any cell.
Cell signaling is random and unpredictable.
How do steroid hormones transmit their signal inside a cell?
By binding to surface receptors and activating second messengers
By entering the cell and directly binding to intracellular receptors
By activating G proteins on the cell surface
By phosphorylating membrane proteins
Which of the following best describes a ligand?
A protein that degrades signal molecules
A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor, triggering a response
An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other proteins
A second messenger within the cell
Phase?
prophase
anaphase
metaphase
telophase
interphase
What is being depicted in the image?
Amplification of the signal molecule
Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway
Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes
Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule
