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WorksheetsGeology Pre-Lab Quiz Review (1-11 ALL EXCEPT LAB 10)
Total questions: 89
Worksheet time: 45mins
A hypothesis is
a recognition that a natural phenomenon or Earth material needs to be explained
a detailed description of a natural phenomenon or Earth material
a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon or Earth material
an explanation that has been tested many times and been shows to be correct in all tests
A theory is
recognition that a natural phenomenon or Earth material needs to be explained
an observation of a natural phenomenon or Earth material
a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon or Earth material
an explanation that has been tested many times and been shown to be correct in all tests
The principle of uniformitarianism states that
the past is the key to the future
the present is the key to the past
geologic processes occur rapidly
geologic processes occur slowly
The principle of uniformitarianism is useful for interpreting most ancient geologic events except those that
happened more than 1 million years ago
involved the flow of water
took place very slowly
took place very rapidly
In the Earth system concept, minerals and rocks are found in the
hydrosphere
geosphere
atmosphere
biosphere
The release of oxygen by green plants during photosynthesis is an example of:
an interaction between the biosphere and the geosphere
an interaction between the biosphere and atmosphere
a reservoir being destroyed
a new reservoir being created
Earth's internal structure includes
cconcentration of the densest materials at the surface
concentration of the densest materials in Earth's core
concentration of the densest materials in Earth's mantle
homogeneous distribution of dense materials throughout the entire planet
The major source of energy that melts rocks within the Earth, causes earthquakes, and builds mountains comes from
the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon
the Sun's heat energy (solar radiation)
the Earths internal heat
collisions of comets and meteorites with the Earth
The approximate age of the Earth is
1.2 billion years old
4.5 billion years old
8.4 billion years old
13.8 billion years old
The temperature in the atmosphere, from the surface to the thermosphere
always increases uniformly
always decreases uniformly
increases with elevation in the mesosphere
increases with elevation in the stratosphere and thermosphere
The lithosphere is
a more modern term for the Earth's crust
not a part of the geosphere
composed of the crust and the uppermost mantle
made mostly of molten material that flows upward to form volcanoes
The asthenosphere is
a layer of ductile mantle rock that separates the lithosphere from the semi-rigid mantle
made mostly of molten material that flows downward from ocean ridges
present only beneath continents and is missing beneath ocean basins
present only beneath ocean basins and missing beneath continents
When moving towards the center of Earth from the surface
Pressure increases
Temperature increases
Density increases
All of the above
Volcanic Island Arcs occur with what type of plate boundary?
Continental Continental Convergence
Continental Oceanic Convergence
Oceanic Oceanic Convergence
Divergent
New lithosphere forms at ( ), and is consumed at ( )
ocean ridges; subduction zones
ocean ridges; transform faults
transform faults; subduction zones
subduction zones; transform faults
Magnetic "stripes" in the oceanic crust are caused by:
the fluctuating strength of the Earth's current magnetic field
minerals that form the rocks in the crust that aligned with ancient magnetic fields of Earth
earthquakes at ocean ridges that disrupt the magnetic field
transform faults
The Himalayan mountain system formed when
an ocean that once separated India and Asia closed by subduction
a transform fault brought the two continental masses together
an ocean ridge began to form in the middle of a single lithosphere plate
a meteorite struck in the middle of Asia
A volcanic hot spot occurs when:
subducted oceanic lithosphere melts to form magma and rises toi the surface
lithospheric plates begin to break into smaller pieces
an isolated mantle plume partially erupts magma through the lithosphere
None of the above
Which of the following, when their locations are plotted on a map/globe, effectively outlines the plate boundaries
Volcanoes
Mountain Ranges
Subduction Zones
Earthquakes
The driving force which initiated plate formation and motion was
Ridge push
slab pull
mantle convection
lithosphere conduction
Which of the following property is not part of the definition for a mineral
It must have a defined chemical formula
It must occur naturally
It must have the ability to conduct electricity
It must have a definite atomic structure
How do minerals relate to rocks
all minerals are rocks
minerals are the fundamental building blocks of rocks
rocks and minerals are chemically identical
all rocks are composed of a single mineral
The smooth surface of a highly geometric crystal is called a
crystal face
crystal cleavage
crystal side
crystal plane
When crystals grow by crystallization of molten rock, where do they grow?
only in magma
only in lava
in both magma and lava
either in magma or lava, but never in both
What mineral property is the result of chemical bonds in a mineral that are stronger in some direction than in others?
Low density
Color
Luster
Cleavage
What is the hardest mineral on Mohs Hardness Scale
talc
fluorite
topaz
diamond
What is the name for minerals that have the same composition but different structure(diamond and graphite)
syn-minerals
polymorphs
multishapes
altercrystals
The most abundant mineral class on Earth, containing oxygen and silicon are the:
oxides
carbonates
sulfides
silicates
Which of the following, is not a mineral under the geologic definition
coal
glacial ice
diamond
quartz
Minerals are a renewable resource
True
False
Igneous rocks form by
melting of previously existing rock at the surface of the Earth
only very rapid cooling of magma within the Earth
only very slow cooling of magma on the surface of the Earth
crystallization/solidification of magma at the surface or within the Earth
The texture (grain size) of an igneous rock is controlled by
the minerals it contains
the pressure where it forms
the rate of cooling when it forms
the initial magma composition
a glassy texture is produced in both felsic and mafic igneous rocks by
very rapid cooling of magma
crystallization of magma in magma chambers
a low relative percentage silica
a very high relative percentage of silica
which of the following is not a size category of tephra
lapilli
pebbles
ash
blocks
What property controls the viscosity of lava
silica content
volatile content
temperature
all of the above
A volcano with a very broad, flattened dome shape is
stratovolcano
scoria cone
shield volcano
caldera volcano
which of the following is not a component of magma
bubbles
lava
crystals
melt
Heat transfer melting of mantle rock occurs when
temperature increases with little or no change in pressure
temperature increase and pressure greatly decreases
temperature decreases with little or no change in pressure
temperature decreases and pressure greatly decreases
what is the correct order of low silica to high silica igneous rocks?
ultramafic, intermediate, mafic, felsic
felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
felsic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic
ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic
Which of the following is an intrusive igneous body that intrudes between existing rock layers?
sill
dike
batholith
xenolith
solidified lava flows are an example of
intrusive igneous rocks
extrusive igneous rocks
what is the vertical pipe that connects a magma chamber to the vent called
crater
conduit
column
caldera
which of the following eruption styles is of the highest explosivity
subplinian
vulcanian
hawaiian
strombolian
the fast moving avalanche of hot pyroclasts and air flowing down the side of a volcano is a
pyroclastic flow
lahar
tsunami
landslide
Which of the following volcanic hazards is the least deadliest to people
lahar
lava flow
pyroclastic flow
tsunami
What type of volcano are pyroclastic flows most often associated with
Stratovolcano
Scoria cone
Shield volcano
Dome volcano
What eruption style is characterized by fountains of lava up to 1000m high
Strombolian
Hawaiian
Vulcanian
Fontainian
Which sequence of events best describes the 1980 mt st Helen eruption
lava flow then lahar
landslide then lava flow
landslide then lateral blast
lahar then pyroclastic flow
what are the signs of unrest that geologist monitor at a volcano
seismicity
gas emissions
inflation/deflation
all of the above
A porphyrltic texture indicates that an igneous rock
had two different cooling rates
formed at a mid-ocean ridge
was intrusive in origin
is made up of only one type of mineral
Well rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation
the absence of cleavage in the mineral clasts
lack of chemical weathering
rapid transport and deposition
sedimentary rocks that are formed in horizontal layers are called
canyons
ripple marks
beds
mud cracks
what change takes place during physical weathering
chemical changes occur
minerals crystallize as water evaporates
the mineralogy of previously existing rocks changes
rocks are broken into smaller pieces
Angular grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
numerous collisions between particles during excessive transportation
lack of chemical weathering
rapid, typically short-distance transport
the absence of cleavage in mineral clasts
The presence of footprints in sedimentary rock is compatible with origin in all of the following environments except
a swamp
a river floodplain
the floor of the Atlantic ocean
a beach
Cross bedding and ripple marks are a result of _____________ during deposition
landslides
water or wind currents
storms
fossils
Which of the following describes the formation of chemical sedimentary rocks
their minerals form by precipitation of ions from water
all of these
their minerals form with a crystalline texture
their minerals form from ions dissolved from previously existing minerals during chemical weathering
Which of the following might clastic sedimentary rocks contain?
individual mineral grains separated from previously existing rocks during weathering
rock fragments made ups of several minerals
fragments of broken shells
all of these types of clasts
Sedimentary rocks are unique in that they form
on the continents but not on islands or in the oceans
without water playing an important role
without recycling materials from previously existing rocks
by processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface
Which of the following is not a sedimentary rock
stalactites (travertine)
coal
coquina (shell-rich limestone)
marble
What is not considered an agent of metamorphism
time
heat/temp
pressure
chemically active fluids
What does foliation describe
the intensity of metamorphism
the age of metamorphism
the chemical composition of metamorphic rocks
the orientation of minerals in metamorphic rocks
what is the pre-existing rock called before undergoing metamorphism
sandstone
protolith
basalite
priamor
metamorphic facies are based on what property
the metamorphic minerals present
the texture of the metamorphic rock
the color of the metamorphic rock
all of the above
what type of metamorphism occurs at high temperature and low pressure
Contact metamorphism
Burial metamorphism
Dynamic metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
what is the location on the surface of Earth directly above the hypocenter of an earthquake called?
surforcenter
epicenter
siesmocenter
fault center
what type of faults are found at divergent plate boundaries
normal
reverse
thrust
transform
what are the fastest seismic waves (first to arrive)
s-waves
l-waves
p-waves
r-waves
what property of an earthquake is measured by the quantitative scales of the amount of energy released?
magnitude
intensity
duration
depth
the quicksand like behavior of sedimentary layers caused by earthquake shaking is known as?
destabilization
liquefaction
seiches
compaction
which of the following does deformation NOT result from
rock bending
rock flowing
rock recrystallizing
rock breaking
hard rocks at low pressure and low temperature will show a __________ behavior
brittle
ductile
soft rocks at high pressure and high temperature will show a ___________behavior
brittle
ductile
what type of fold has an arching shape, where layers of rock on both sides on the axial plan fold down and away?
anticline
monoline
syncline
basin
what describes an accretion terrane?
the buoyant rise of portions of Earth's lithosphere
the tilted blocks produced as rifts develop within continents
the building of continental edges seawards by collision of smaller landmasses
the existing rocks that have undergone deformation
In which rock type do we find fossils
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
What is NOT a condition that increases the preservation potential of life as fossils
rapid burial
environmental temp
presence of hard parts
low oxygen content
what geologic period comes between the ordovician and Devonian?
jurassic
premian
silurian
cretraceous
dating rocks based on the radioactive decay of isotopes in minerals is an example of?
numerical dating
relative dating
water and sediment movement along coast is influenced by
tides
waves
currents
all of the above
how do sand grains move during longshore drift
in a straight line, parallel to the shoreline
in a straight line, perpendicular to the shoreline
in a zig-zag pattern
in circular paths opposite the dominant wind direction
what is NOT a part of a continental margin
continental rise
continental wall
continental shelf
continental slope
rocky coasts typically do not have straight coastlines
true
false
emergent coasts occur when
relative sea-level is rising
relative sea-level is falling
relative sea-level is unchanged
what condition is NOT necessary for the formation of a glacier
cold climate
abundance of snow
a specific snow chemistry
little removal/loss of snow
the process of ice loss as chances and iceberg at the toe of a glacier is
basal slip
sublimation
calving
ablation
the sediment carried and deposited on the sides and toe of a glacier form what type of depositional feature
morraine
erratics
drumlin
aretes
what concept describes the rebound of the lithosphere following the melting of continental ice sheets
obliquity
isostasy
subsidence
precession
the ongoing loss of stored water in glaciers is resulting in a __________ sea level
rising
falling
