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Unit 2 Cognition Midterm Review

Total questions: 81

Worksheet time: 56mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

When you learn various steps used to complete a task, you are using a:

a)

mental image

b)

mental set

c)

mental map

d)

mental categroy

2.

The hypothetical 'most typical' or best example of a category is a:

a)

mental type

b)

upside down processing technique

c)

mental set

d)

prototype

3.

A student who scored a percentile rank of 90 on an achievement test is best characterized as having?

a)

scored lower than 90% of the test takers

b)

scored higher than 90% of the test takers

c)

answered 90% of the test questions correctly

d)

scored 90% of the highest possible score

4.

A test that measures a student's potential ability is called:

a)

an achievement test

b)

an aptitude test

c)

a personality inventory

d)

an intelligence test

5.

The first stage in memory processing involves________.

a)

encoding

b)

retrieval

c)

storage

d)

rehearsal

6.

When trying to solve a complicated math problem, you decide to use a logical, step-by-step formula. This formula is called a:

a)

heuristic

b)

insight

c)

algorithm

d)

primer

7.

A researcher wants to calculate an intelligence quotient based on a person's mental and chronological age. If the intelligence score is 130, and the student has a mental age of 13, what is his chronological age?

a)

13

b)

12

c)

10

d)

20

8.

Raymond Cattell came up with this type of intelligence, which involves the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly:

a)

fluid intelligence

b)

crystallized intelligence

c)

source intelligence

d)

emotional intelligence

9.

The cerebellum is most directly involved in?

a)

forming spatial memories

b)

forming emotional memories

c)

motor learning

d)

sensory processing

10.

Elizabeth recalls the last day of Christmas break when it snowed 6 inches and she went sledding in her neighborhood. This is an example of:

a)

iconic memory

b)

episodic memory

c)

short-term memory

d)

semantic memory

11.

Your teacher has to learn over 150 new student names each year and then has trouble remembering the names of former students. What is the issue that your teacher is experiencing?

a)

proactive interference

b)

anterograde amnesia

c)

misinformation effect

d)

retroactive interference

12.

Which researcher/psychologist came up with this kind of graph that represents the relationship between forgetting and time?

a)

Loftus

b)

Ebbinghaus

c)

Binet

d)

Spearman

13.

Your best friend has seen a number of news reports recently about plane crashes. He is more frightened of flying than driving in a car, even though car crashes are much more prevalent. His fear is most likely attributed to:

a)

the representative heuristic

b)

the availability heuristic

c)

functional fixedness

d)

gambler's fallacy

14.

Which type of intelligence is demonstrated by factual knowledge?

a)

analytical intelligence

b)

fluid intelligence

c)

crystallized intelligence

d)

kinesthetic intelligence

15.

There are certain periods in development that allow for the acquisition of language. This is an example of:

a)

temperament

b)

linguistic determinism

c)

critical periods

d)

cognitive dissonance

16.

Typically, if we look at a list and are asked to recall what was on the list, we will remember the first and last words better than words from the middle of the list. This is due to:

a)

misinformation effect

b)

next-in-line effect

c)

spacing effect

d)

serial position effect

17.

Over time, intelligence test scores have gradually increased. This phenomenon is due to the:

a)

fluid intelligence effect

b)

Flynn Effect

c)

culture-fair tests effect

d)

lack of heritability of intelligence

18.

Elizabeth Loftus' research on the misinformation effect is used to cast doubt on which of the following?

a)

the memory of eyewitnesses

b)

the judgment of jurors

c)

the impartiality of judges

d)

the intelligence of attorneys

19.

Which of the following is true?

a)

massed practice (cramming) is more effective than distributed practice

b)

distributed practice is only good for knowledge in short-term memory

c)

distributed practice is more effective at enhancing long-term retention of material versus massed practice

d)

massed practice is more effective for long-term memory

20.

Memories of well-learned skills, like tying your shoes or brushing your teeth, are classified as:

a)

iconic

b)

procedural

c)

echoic

d)

declarative

21.

Mental shortcuts that help us solve problems and reduce mental effort are called:

a)

algorithms

b)

syllogisms

c)

propositions

d)

heuristics

22.

When you are studying by focusing on facts and not the meaning of information, you are using:

a)

shallow processing

b)

implicit memory

c)

deep processing

d)

classical conditioning

23.

Susan thinks she does worse on tests that are administered on Fridays, when in reality her test scores are not influenced by the day of the week. This situation is an example of an:

a)

sublimation

b)

illusory correlation

c)

projection

d)

hindsight bias

24.

On intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler scales, what is the average IQ?

a)

100

b)

85

c)

110

d)

125

25.

Before school, you watch a show about rabbits. Later, in Psych class, you view this image and easily identify it as a rabbit instead of a duck. What explains this phenomenon?

a)

habituation

b)

priming

c)

discrimination

d)

conditioned response

26.

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

a)

Aptitude Test

b)

Achievement Test

c)

Intelligence Test

27.

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.

a)

Mental Retardation

b)

Down Syndrome

c)

Savant Syndrome

28.

The extent to which a test yields consistent results

a)

standardization

b)

predictive validity

c)

validity

d)

reliability

29.

the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to

a)

validity

b)

reliability

c)

standardization

d)

criterion

30.
If a test is reliable, it means that
a)
it is given in the same way every time.
b)
it tests what it is suppose to test.
c)
it is a fair assessment.
d)
it yields consistent results.
31.
Superior memory for rap lyrics that include the most rhymes best illustrates the value of
a)
acoustic encoding
b)
mood-congruent memory
c)
priming
d)
the spacing effect
32.

The activity that occurs in our heads, directed by our brain, that allows us to identify, process, and interpret experiences.

a)

Recall

b)

Cognition

c)

Memory

d)

Rehearsal

33.
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
a)
the peg-word system.
b)
implicit memory.
c)
the serial position effect
d)
chunking
34.
The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
a)
roughly equal to seven units of information
b)
enhanced through hypnosis
c)
essentially unlimited
d)
typically much greater in young children than in adults
35.
Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called
a)
repressed memories.
b)
sensory memories
c)
mood-congruent memories
d)
flashbulb memories
36.
The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory
a)
explicit   
b)
short-term   
c)
implicit   
d)
sensory
37.
Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for
a)
chunking
b)
priming
c)
automatic processing
d)
rehearsal
38.

Memory of a specific event

a)

Semantic Memory

b)

Implicit Memory

c)

Episodic Memory

d)

Long Term Memory

39.
Vishant overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
a)
overconfidence.
b)
fixation.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
confirmation bias.
e)
the availability heuristic.
40.
Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates
a)
the representativeness heuristic.
b)
fixation.
c)
the framing effect.
d)
confirmation bias.
e)
belief bias.
41.
The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates
a)
the representativeness heuristic.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
the availability heuristic.
d)
the framing effect.
e)
insight.
42.
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
a)
divergent thinking.
b)
framing.
c)
convergent thinking.
d)
belief perseverance.
e)
the availability heuristic.
43.
Studying psychological concepts while riding the bus, walking to lunch, and waiting for class to begin will improve your memory of the concepts by taking advantage of
a)
chunking.
b)
the self-reference effect.
c)
priming.
d)
the serial position effect.
e)
the spacing effect.
44.
Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated
a)
the self-reference effect.
b)
mood-congruent memory.
c)
the misinformation effect.
d)
proactive interference.
e)
the spacing effect.
45.
Your friend told you that eating chocolate was shown to improve memory recall. You may later recall this “fact” but forget where you heard it. You assume that you heard it on the news, a credible source, so you begin eating chocolate. Your behavior best illustrates
a)
implicit memory.
b)
mood-congruent memory.
c)
source amnesia.
d)
retroactive interference.
e)
motivated forgetting.
46.
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates
a)
source amnesia.
b)
retroactive interference.
c)
the serial position effect.
d)
proactive interference.
e)
chunking.
47.
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
a)
encoding failure.
b)
source amnesia.
c)
retroactive interference.
d)
proactive interference.
e)
automatic processing.
48.
Although Mr. Kameda has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his
a)
brainstem
b)
cerebellum
c)
hypothalamus
d)
hippocampus
e)
motor cortex
49.
When asked to recall a list of words including, “plump, crook, and child,” people frequently recalled “fat, criminal, and kid.” This best illustrates the impact of
a)
parallel processing.
b)
peg words
c)
semantic encoding.
d)
echoic memory.
e)
mood-congruent memory.
50.
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
a)
semantic encoding
b)
long-term potentiation
c)
automatic processing
d)
the peg-word system<br />
e)
iconic memory
51.

The last time Mark's computer froze he restarted it and it worked. The next time his computer froze the only solution he could think of is to restart it again.

a)

out of box thinking

b)

divergent thinking

c)

functional fixedness

d)

Mental set

52.

While studying for the AP Psychology exam, Tristen applies the definitions of the vocabulary to his life to allow them to stick.

a)

Elaborate rehearsal

b)

long term to short term memory

c)

assimilation

d)

Maintenance rehearsal

53.

Riley uses this type of memory to help her remember the important future event: AP Psychology test is May 19th at 1:00!

a)

Working memory

b)

Short-term memory

c)

Prospective memory

d)

neural plasticity

54.

Brock recalls his most embarrassing memory of the HHS freshman basketball team because he uses this type of memory.

a)

Semantic memory

b)

Episodic memory

c)

Procedural memory

d)

Implicit memory

55.

Ben's good friend Jessica decided to wait until the last week to study for the AP exam. Ben, on the other hand, took the suggestion of Mrs. Hoerner and spaced out his review over 6 weeks.

a)

Distributed practice

b)

Massed practice

c)

Cram practice

d)

Encoding

56.

Brady's mother told him to get 20 items from the grocery store. He did not write anything down. He could only remember the beginning of the list and the end of the list due to serial position effect.

a)

recency & primacy

b)

memory & forgetting

c)

blocking & retrieval

d)

primacy & recency

57.

Sam has been assigned to think of a solution for students who struggle with mental health at HHS. He can only think of one solution; sending them to the guidance counselors.

a)

convergent thinking

b)

divergent thinking

c)

out of box thinking

d)

insight

58.

Andrew has spent time learning a new dance routine that requires many steps. After learning the entire dance, he has a difficult time remember the steps that start off the number.

a)

proactive interference

b)

retroactive interference

c)

source amnesia

d)

short-term memory

59.

A way of thinking characterized by the thoughts that you and your knowledge are always changing and growing, so therefore, your thoughts, ideals, and morals change.

a)

Fixed Mindset

b)

Growth Mindset

c)

Metacognition

d)

Prototype

60.

A way of thinking about your own intelligence and abilities; it is the unchanging way you view your morals, ideals, and thoughts.

a)

Fixed Mindset

b)

Growth Mindset

c)

Metacognition

d)

Insight

61.

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, usually speedier, but also more error-prone than algorithms. 

a)

Availability Heuristic

b)

Representative Heuristics

c)

Heuristics

d)

Algorithm

62.

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume the events are common.

a)

Availability Heuristics

b)

Overconfidence

c)

Mental set

d)

Representative Statistics

63.

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

a)

Overconfidence

b)

Functional Fixedness

c)

Confirmation Bias

d)

Availability Heuristic

64.

 the tendency to perceive an object in terms of only its most common use. 

a)

Overconfidence

b)

Mental Set

c)

Functional Fixedness

d)

Belief Perseverance

65.

Memory of facts and concepts

a)

Semantic Memory

b)

Implicit Memory

c)

Explicit Memory

d)

Episodic Memory

66.

The cocktail party effect provides an example of:

a)

the phi phenomenon

b)

selective attention

c)

perceptual constancy

d)

perceptual set

67.

Perceptual set is...

a)

seeing something in a different way

b)

a predisposition to perceive something in accordance with our expectations

c)

perceiving something in a way that is consistent with others

d)

failing to perceive something

68.

Depth cues, such as convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.

a)

Gestalt Cue

b)

Binocular Cue

c)

Monocular Cue

d)

Subliminal Cue

69.

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

a)

Subliminal

b)

Extrasensory

c)

Unconscious

d)

Superconscious

70.

Our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

a)

Depth Perception

b)

Top-Down Processing

c)

Gestalt

d)

Visual Agnosia

71.

Almost half the birds in the tree outside Brian's window were brown and the rest were red, so Brian perceived them as two different groups of birds. This best illustrates...

a)

proximity

b)

closure

c)

similarity

d)

connectedness

e)

disparity

72.

The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as

a)

interposition.

b)

closure.

c)

relative height.

d)

linear perspective.

e)

continuity.

73.

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry teacher several times a week, she didn't recognize the teacher when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of

a)

monocular cues.

b)

context effects.

c)

proximity.

d)

linear perspective.

e)

perceptual adaptation.

74.

While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, “Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to….” Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization?

a)

continuity

b)

proximity

c)

connectedness

d)

closure

e)

figure and ground

75.

What is it called when we construct perceptions based on experience and expectations?

a)

Sensation

b)

Selective attention

c)

Bottom-Up processing

d)

Top-Down processing

76.

What does this picture show?

a)

similarity

b)

closure

c)

figure ground

d)

Connectedness

77.

What is it called when an object is higher in our field of vision so it seems farther away?

a)

Relative size

b)

Relative height

c)

Interposition

d)

Linear perspective

78.

The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called

a)

parallel processing.

b)

perception.

c)

accommodation.

d)

sensation.

79.

Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?

a)

bottom-up processing

b)

selective attention

c)

retinal disparity

d)

perceptual adaptation

80.

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates

a)

gate-control theory.

b)

choice blindness.

c)

selective attention.

d)

opponent-process theory.

81.

In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated

a)

opponent-process theory.

b)

inattentional blindness.

c)

blind spot.

d)

visual cliff.

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