Commonly called "blood sugar."

(a)  

Glucose is supplied to the body via the ___ ___ and, after being absorbed by a cell, can be either oxidized to yield energy or stored as ___ for future use.

(a)  

When sufficient oxygen is present, glucose is totally oxidized to?

(a)  

In the absence of oxygen, glucose is partially digested to?

(a)  

True or False:
Glucose and other 6-carbin sugars can be converted into a variety of different sugars.

(a)  

Biochemical process by which food molecules, through hydrolysis, are broken down into simpler units that can be used by cells for their metabolic needs.

(a)  

What is the 1st stage in the processing of food products?

(a)  

Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin?

(a)  

Which enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a-glycosidic linkages in starch from plants and glycogen from meats to produce smaller polysaccharides and maltose?

(a)  

Only a small amount of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the (a)   because food is swallowed quickly.

Which enzyme is inactivated by the acidic environment of the stomach?

(a)  

Primary site of carbohydrate digestion.

(a)  

Enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide chains into shorter and shorter segments until maltose is the dominant species.

(a)  

Where does the final step of carbohydrate digestion occur?

(a)  

What are the 3 major breakdown products from carbohydrate digestion?

(a)  

The folds of intestinal wall are lined with fingerlike projections called (a)   , which are rich in blood capillaries.

Absorption occurs by which transport?

(a)  

They mediate the passage of monosaccharides through cell membranes.

(Plural)

(a)  

After the monosaccharides' absorption into the bloodstream, they are transported to the (a)   , where fructose and galactose are rapidly converted into compounds that are metabolized by the same pathway as glucose.

What is the central focus of carbohydrate metabolism?

(a)  

Metabolic pathway by which glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

(a)  

Linear or Cyclic:
Glycolysis

(a)  

Aerobic or Anaerobic:
Glycolysis

(a)  

Where does glycolysis occur?

(a)  

All of the enzymes needed for glycolysis are present in the?

(a)  

Oxidation or Reduction:
The conversion of glucose to pyruvate.

(a)  

What is the oxidizing agent of glycolysis?

(a)  

Pathway wherein molecular oxygen is not a participant.

(a)  

Pathway that require oxygen.

(a)  

This stage of glycolysis is the energy-consuming stage.

(a)  

The energy-generating stage of glycolysis.

(a)  

Must be phosphorylated by ATP to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate before it enters the pathway.

(a)  

Product of fructose 1-phosphate that enters the glycolysis pathway directly.

(a)  

What are the control points in glycolysis?

(a)  

What are the 3 common fates of pyruvate?

(a)  

Aerobic or Anaerobic:
Acetyl CoA formation.

(a)  

Aerobic or Anaerobic:

Lactate formation

(a)  

Aerobic or Anaerobic:

Ethanol formation

(a)  

Where does oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?

(a)  

Biochemical process by which NADH is oxidized to NAD+ without the need for oxygen.

(Plural)

(a)  

Quickens or Slows Down:
When the body is oxygen deficient, the ETC (a)   .

Where does lactate fermentation and ethanol fermentation occur?

(a)  

Enzymatic anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to lactate.

(a)  

Its purpose is to replenish NAD+ supplies, which will be needed in the Step 6 of glycolysis.

(a)  

Lactate, pyruvate, and glycerate are all derivatives of which acid?

(a)  

In which step of glycolysis does the generated NADH is consumed in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

(a)  

Enzymatic anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

(a)  

What is the first step in the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol?

(a)  

What does the decarboxylation reaction in the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol produce?

(a)  

How many ATP molecules are produced in the complete oxidation of glucose?

(Number only)

(a)  

It is the branched polymeric form of glucose.

(a)  

It is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals.

(a)  

Its function in the liver is to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood.

(a)  

Its main function in the muscles is to be the source of glucose needed for glycolysis.

(a)  

Metabolic process that converts glucose to glycogen.

(a)  

Metabolic process that converts glycogen from the muscles and liver to its monosaccharide form, glucose.

(a)  

Process that does not require UTP or UDP molecules.

(a)  

In muscle and brain cells, an immediate need for energy is the stimulus that initiates?

(a)  

When glycogen is the starting material for glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP is produced for each glucose processed?

(Number only)

(a)  

Glycogen costs the equivalent of how many ATP molecules to incorporate a glucose molecule into glycogen?

(Number only)

(a)  

Metabolic pathway by which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials.

(a)  

What are the starting materials for gluconeogenesis?

(a)  

Where does the 90% of gluconeogenesis occur?

(a)  

What is the entering substrate for gluconeogenesis?

(a)  

Nucleotide consumption in the gluconeogenesis pathway.

(a)  

Cyclic biochemical process in which glucose is converted to lactate in muscle tissue, the lactate is converted to glucose in the liver, and the glucose is returned to the muscle tissue.

(a)  

Metabolic pathway by which glucose 6-phosphate is used to produce NADH, ribose 5-phosphate, and numerous other sugar phosphates.

(a)  

Coenzyme produced in the pentose phosphate pathway.

(a)  

51-amino acid protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.

(a)  

Its function is to lower blood glucose levels and promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells.

(a)  

Insulin binds to ___ ___ on the outer surfaces of cells, which facilitates entry of glucose into the cell.

(Plural)

(a)  

29-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas.

(a)  

Released when blood-glucose levels are lows.

(a)  

Released by adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, and excitement.

(a)  

Another term for glycolysis.

(a)  

German chemists who discovered glycolysis.

(a)