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Worksheets2.8 and 2.2
Total questions: 105
Worksheet time: 53mins
Which of the following best describes an achievement test?
A test designed to assess potential for learning or future performance
A test that measures acquired knowledge or skills in a specific area
A test designed to evaluate innate intelligence and interpersonal skills
A test that evaluates interpersonal skills
Alfred Binet's work in intelligence testing was primarily aimed at:
Creating a universal test for determining IQ levels worldwide
Identifying students in need of additional academic support
Designing a tool to measure innate, unchangeable intelligence
Developing tests to predict career success based on intelligence
Which scenario best illustrates the purpose of an aptitude test?
A student takes an SAT exam to assess their readiness for college coursework
An employee takes an annual exam to demonstrate mastery of workplace skills
A child takes a spelling test in school to measure their understanding of vocabulary
A professional takes a leadership assessment to analyze their management style
Which of the following best defines an aptitude test?
A test designed to assess knowledge in a specific subject area
A test that evaluates potential to succeed in a specific activity or task
A test designed to measured emotional stability and personality traits
A test that determines whether learned skills meet established standards
Which scenario best illustrates the purpose of an achievement test?
A high school student takes a state exam to demonstrate mastery of grade-level curriculum
A college student takes a GRE exam to assess potential for graduate school success
A job applicant completes a personality test to determine cultural fit in a workplace
A teacher assigns a project to gauge students problem-solving skills
How would Alfred Binet likely approach assessing the needs of a struggling student?
He would administer a test to determine the child's fixed IQ score
He would suggest placing the child in a program based on emotional intelligence
He would develop a practical test to measure the child's current mental abilities
He would propose a standardized curriculum to improve the child's general abilities
Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence is best demonstrated in which of the following scenarios?
A student excels in math but struggles significantly with writing assignments
An individual's strong verbal reasoning skills also predict high performance on problem-solving tasks
A psychologist creates a test measuring distinct, unrelated abilities such as creativity and physical coordination
A child's performance in school is determined by both genetic and environmental factors
Which of the following best describes the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of intelligence?
A theory proposing that intelligence consists of distinct, unrelated domains such as spatial and verbal abilities
A framework that combines fluid and crystallized intelligence with additional cognitive abilities
A model that emphasizes the role of environmental factors in developing intelligence
A hierarchical model that limits intelligence to specific abilities rather than general constructs
Which of the following situations best demonstrates Carol Dweck's concept of a growth mindset?
A student gives up on studying math because they believe they lack natural talent for the subject
A worker avoids learning a new skill, assuming they are too old to improve
A musician practices challenging pieces daily, believing effort will enhance their abilities
A coach tells athletes that their performance depends entirely on their innate physical ability
How might a psychologist using the CHC Theory approach an individual's cognitive assessment?
They would administer a test focused solely on crystallized intelligence, such as vocabulary tests
They would evaluate multiple domains, including fluid reasoning and processing speed, to understanding the individual's strengths
They would compare innate abilities to environmental influences on intelligence
They would focus exclusively on the "g factor" to predict overall cognitive ability
What does the term "chronological age" refer to?
A measure of a person's mental ability compared to their peers
The number of years a person has lived since birth
A classification based on generational differences in culture and behavior
An assessment of development milestones achieved at specific life stages
Which of the following is an example of a cohort?
Students in a school who are placed in different grades based on ability
Individuals born in the same decade who share similar cultural experiences
A group of athletes competing in the same sports tournament
People of all ages participating in a longitudinal study on mental health
Construct validity refers to:
The ability of a test to produce consistent results over time
The extent to which a test measures the concept it claims to assess
The degree to which test scores predict future performance
The generalizability of test results across different populations
A psychologist designs a new test to measure creativity. To ensure construct validity, they should:
Compare the test's results to those of an established creativity assessment
Use the test to predict participants' future success in artistic careers
Administer the test multiple times to check for consistent results
Ensure that the test is applicable across all cultural contexts
What does content validity measure?
The consistency of test results across multiple administrations
The degree to which a test covers the entire range of the concept it aims to assess
The ability of a test to predict future performance or behavior
The extent to which test scores correlate with another established measure
Which of the following best describes a cross-sectional study?
A study that observes the same individuals over a long period of time
A study that measures variables across different populations at the same point in time
A study that manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships
A study that examines the effect of cultural differences on behavior
Which scenario best illustrates crystallized intelligence?
A student uses logical reasoning to solve a novel math problem
A teacher recalls historical facts to answer students' questions
A programmer learns a new coding language for an upcoming project
A scientist designs an experiment to test an original
A psychologist is studying the impact of age on memory. They compare memory test scores among groups of 20-year-olds, and 40-year-olds, and 60-year-olds, all assessed in the same week. This research design is an example of:
A longitudinal study
A cross-sectional study
An experimental study
A naturalistic observation
A teacher creates a psychology exam to assess students' knowledge of memory processes. To establish content validity, the teacher should:
Compare the exam results to students' grades in other subjects
Include questions that cover all major topics within the memory unit
Ensure students answer similar questions consistently on different attempts
Administer the exam multiple times to measure reliability
Which of the following best reflects David Wechsler's contribution to intelligence testing?
He created the first test to measure emotional intelligence
He designed intelligence tests for different age groups, emphasizing non-verbal and verbal skills
He developed the concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence
He proposed the idea of general intelligence, or the "g factor"
Which of the following best describes emotional intelligence?
The ability to solve problems using abstract reasoning and logic
The capacity to perceive, understand, regulate, and manage emotions in oneself and others
The ability to recall past experiences and apply them to current situations
The extent to which interpersonal relationships influence cognitive development
What is factor analysis used for in psychology?
To identify distinct personality traits that predict behavior
To uncover underlying relationships between variables in a dataset
To measure the impact of environmental factors on intelligence
To evaluate the reliability of psychological tests across populations
Which scenario best demonstrates emotional intelligence?
A student quickly solves a complex math problem using logical reasoning
A manager recognizes an employee is upset and adjusts their approach during a meeting
A child recalls the details of a story they read weeks ago
A psychologist analyzes the results of an intelligence test using factor analysis
A psychologist uses factor analysis to examine a new personality test. They find that certain items on the test consistently group together under categories like "extroversion" and "agreeableness." This indicates that the test:
Has high reliability across multiple administrations
Effectively measures distinct personality traits
Accurately predicts future behavior based on personality
Is primarily focused on emotional intelligence
What is a fixed mindset?
The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and learning
The tendency to focus on short-term goals rather than long-term growth
The belief that intelligence and abilities are static and cannot be changed
The mindset that prioritizes emotional intelligence over cognitive intelligence
What does fluid intelligence refer to?
The ability to solve novel problems using logic and reasoning without relying on prior knowledge
The accumulation of knowledge and skills gained through education and experience
The emotional awareness needed to manage interpersonal relationships
The ability to recall past information and apply it to current situations
The Flynn Effect refers to:
A gradual increase in IQ scores over successive generations
A decline in fluid intelligence as people age
The narrowing of intelligence gaps between different demographic groups
A cultural bias present in many standardized intelligence tests
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a fixed mindset?
A student believes they can improve their math skills through practice and hard work
An athlete avoids trying a new sport, assuming they lack natural talent for it
A teacher encourages students to view failure as an opportunity to learn
A manager seeks feedback to improve their leadership abilities
How might the Flynn Effect influence educational policy?
Schools might adopt programs to improve emotional intelligence in students
Teachers could adjust curricula to reflect rising average IQ scores over time
Psychologists might focus on reducing cultural biases in standardized tests
Researchers may advocate for new intelligence tests to better measure fluid intelligence
What is Francis Galton best known for in psychology?
Developing the first intelligence test to identify children with learning difficulties
Proposing that intelligence is hereditary and pioneering eugenics
Differentiating between fluid and crystallized intelligence
Introducing the concept of emotional intelligence
What does the term "general intelligence" (g) refer to?
The idea that intelligence is composed of multiple, unrelated abilities
The ability to solve abstract problems and learn new information
A single underlying factor that influences performance across various cognitive tasks
A theory suggesting that intelligence varies based on environmental factors
Which of the following best describes a growth mindset?
The belief that intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
The understanding that cognitive abilities decline with age
The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and learning
The tendency to prioritize cognitive intelligence over emotional intelligence
Which scenario reflects Francis Galton's approach to intelligence?
A researcher studies twins to determine the heritability of IQ
A psychologist designs a test to measure both verbal and performance skills
A teacher encourages students to view challenges as opportunities for growth
A scientist examines cultural differences in emotional intelligence
Which of the following demonstrates a growth mindset in practice?
A student gives up on learning a new language, believing they lack natural talent
An employee welcomes constructive criticism and sees it as an opportunity to improve
A coach tells athletes their performance is solely based on their innate physical abilities
A child avoids difficult tasks out of fear of failure
What is the most widely accepted definition of intelligence?
The ability to solve novel problems without prior knowledge
The total amount of knowledge and skills acquired through education
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations
The capacity to manage interpersonal relationships effectively
What does an intelligence quotient (IQ) score represent?
The absolute level of an individual's cognitive ability
A ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100
The percentage of correct answers on an intelligence test
A measure of creativity and problem-solving ability
What is the purpose of an intelligence test?
To assess emotional and social abilities in individuals
To measure an individual's ability to learn, solve problems, and reason
To predict an individual's future academic or career success
To evaluate personality traits and interpersonal skills
Which scenario demonstrates intelligence as it is typically defined in psychology?
A student recalls a historical event for a class discussion
A scientist uses reasoning to develop a solution to a complex problem
A musician creates an original composition by following a strict formula
A person excels in forming strong emotional connections with others
A school uses an intelligence test to identify students for advanced placement programs. What should educators consider to ensure the test is effective and fair?
The test should include emotional intelligence questions to assess interpersonal skills
The test must measure multiple cognitive abilities, such as reasoning and memory
Test scores should be compared directly to students' academic performance
Only students who achieve perfect scores should be placed in advanced programs
A 10-year-old child takes an intelligence test and scores at the mental age of a 12-year-old. Based on the original formula for calculating IQ, what would the child's IQ score be?
100
110
120
140
A teacher observes that her students struggle to understand abstract concepts but excel at solving concrete, hands-on problems. According to Jean Piaget, which developmental stage are these students most likely in?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operation
A child assumes that when water is poured from a wide glass into a tall, narrow glass, the tall glass holds more water. This behavior reflects the child's struggle with which Piagetian concept?
Object permanence
Conservation
Egocentrism
Assimilation
A researcher is designing a test to measure L. L. Thurstone's primary mental abilities. Which of the following tasks would best assess one of these abilities?
Asking participants to solve a series of spatial reasoning puzzles
Evaluating participants' emotional responses in social situations
Measuring general problem-solving ability with a single score
Testing reaction time during a simple reflex task
A psychologist uses a test inspired by Thurstone's theory to evaluate primary mental abilities. If a student scores highly on numerical aptitude but poorly on spatial reasoning, this suggests:
Intelligence is best represented as a single general factor (g)
Intelligence consists of multiple distinct abilities
Intelligence tests must only focus on emotional intelligence
All cognitive abilities are highly correlated
Lewis Terman adapted Alfred Binet's intelligence test to create the Stanford-Binet test. Which of the following innovations is Terman most known for introducing to intelligence testing?
Measuring emotional intelligence alongside cognitive ability
Standardizing intelligence scores to create the IQ formula
Using intelligence tests to identify individuals with specific learning disabilities
Developing tests that measure multiple primary mental abilities
Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children revealed that:
Gifted children often suffer from social and emotional difficulties later in life
Gifted children tend to be physically and emotionally well-adjusted
Intelligence is solely determined by genetics
High intelligence does not correlate with career success
What is a longitudinal study?
A study that compares groups of participants of different ages at the same point in time
A study that measures the relationship between two variables without manipulating them
A study that follows the same group of participants over a long period of time
A study that collects data at a single point in time for quick analysis
What does mental age refer to in intelligence testing?
The age at which an individual begins formal education
The chronological age of an individual, used to calculate IQ
The level of intellectual performance typical of a particular age group
The number of years an individual has been exposed to cognitive challenges
What does the normal curve represent in psychological testing?
The average number of correct responses on an intelligence test
The distribution of scores in a population, with most scores clustering around the mean
The linear relationship between two variables in a data set
A method of calculating the standard deviation for a test
Which scenario best illustrates a longitudinal study?
A researcher tests a group of 5-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and 15-year-olds on problem solving ability at the same time
A psychologist tracks the same group of students from kindergarten through high school to study academic progress
A scientist conducts a one-time survey to measure opinions about mental health
A professor collects data from multiple schools in a single year to compare teaching methods
A child scores a mental age of 8 on an intelligence test. If their chronological age is 10, what does this imply?
The child's intelligence is above average for their age
The child's intelligence is average for their age
The child's intelligence is below average for their age
The child's intelligence cannot be measured by this test
If the scores on an intelligence test are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of test-takers score between 85 and 115?
34%
68%
95%
99.7%
What is predictive validity?
The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure
The consistency of a test in producing similar results over time
The ability of a test to predict future performance on a related task
The extent to which a test's questions represents the content it aims to measure
What does the field of psychometrics focus on?
The study of intelligence and emotional abilities
The development, administration, and interpretation of psychological tests
The analysis of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
The relationship between brain structure and cognitive functions
What does reliability mean in psychological testing?
The degree to which a test accurately measures what it claims to measure
The consistency of a test's results across different administrations or items
The fairness of a test in accounting for cultural differences
The test's ability to predict future behavior
Which scenario best illustrates Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
A student who excels in verbal reasoning but struggles in mathematical tasks
A researcher who identifies general intelligence as the basis for all cognitive abilities
A musician who composes original songs (creative), solves practical challenges in production (practical), and explains music theory effectively (analytical)
A person with high IQ but poor interpersonal skills
Which of the following is an example of savant syndrome?
A child who scores in the gifted range on all sections of an IQ test
An individual with autism who has extraordinary mathematical abilities but struggles with basic social interactions
A teenager who learns multiple languages fluently through hard work and practice
An adult with average intelligence who excels in problem-solving taks
What is split-half reliability?
A measure of a test's ability to predict future performance
The degree to which two different forms of the same test produce consistent results
The consistency of test scores when the test is divided into two halves
A method for ensuring test items represent the content equally
What is standardization in psychological testing?
The process of ensuring a test measures the same construct consistently over time
The process of establishing norms and consistent testing procedures for a psychological test
The calculation of average scores to determine the difficulty level of a test
The use of multiple test formats to assess different abilities
A college admissions officer wants to determine if a standardized test is effective. If the test has high predictive validity, it should:
Accurately measure how well students performed in high school
Show consistency in scores when students retake the test
Predict how successful students will be in college
Measure knowledge of specific subjects taught in schools
Why is standardization important when creating intelligence tests?
It ensures that test results remain confidential
It eliminates the need to consider cultural or linguistic differences
It allows tests scores to be compared to a representative sample of the population
It guarantees all test-takers will achieve the same score
What was the primary purpose of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test when it was first developed?
To measure personality traits and emotional intelligence
To assess academic knowledge in various subject areas
To identify children who needed special educational support
To measure physical and motor development
What is stereotype lift?
The boost in performance that occurs when individuals are reminded of positive stereotypes about their group
The tendency for people conform to societal norms in testing simulations
The reduction in anxiety experienced when stereotypes are minimized in testing environments
The increase in group bias caused by repeated exposure to stereotypes
A group of female students takes a math test. Before the test begins, the instructor states that "men typically perform better in math than women." According to the concept of stereotype threat, what is likely to happen?
The students' performance will remain unaffected since the statement isn't related to them individually
The students' performance may decline because the stereotype creates anxiety and self-doubt
The students will perform better to prove the stereotype wrong
The students results will be invalid since the test environment was biased
What does test-retest reliability asses?
The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure
The consistency of test results when the same test is administered to the same individuals at different times
The ability of a test to predict future performance on a related task
The equivalence of two different forms of the same test
What is validity in psychological testing?
The extent to which a test produces consistent results across administrations
The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measures
The fairness of a test for all individuals regardless of background
The standardization process used to develop the test
What is one unique feature of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) compared to earlier intelligence tests?
It includes separate scores for different types of intelligence, such as verbal and performance abilities
It was the first test to calculate intelligence as a ratio of mental age to chronological age
It was designed specifically to test children's intellectual abilities
It focuses primarily on emotional intelligence rather than cognitive ability
A psychologist uses the Stanford-Binet test to assess a child's intellectual abilities. Which aspect of the test reflects its primary purpose?
Its ability to predict the child's future academic performance in higher education
Its emphasis on creativity and standardized measures
Its focus on identifying the child's strengths and areas for additional support
Its inclusion of emotional intelligence as a key domain of assessment
A teacher administers the same math test to her students twice, two weeks apart. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what should she observe?
The scores will vary significantly due to random factors
The scores will be similar for most students across both test administrations
Students will improve their scores due to repeated exposure to the material
The test will measure slightly different skills on the second administration
What does accommodation mean in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information
Applying existing schemas to new situations
Forgetting outdated information to make room for new learning
Adjusting one's environment to better suit existing schemas
What is an algorithm in the context of problem-solving?
A mental shortcut used to make decisions quickly and efficiently
A systematic, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem
A creative method of generating multiple possible solutions
A trial-and-error approach to discovering the best solution
What does assimilation mean in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Incorporating new information into existing schemas without changing them
Modifying existing schemas to accommodate new information
Removing information that conflicts with previously held beliefs
Combining multiple schemas to form a new understanding
A child who initially believes all four-legged animals are dogs sees a cat for the first time. After learning that the animal is a cat, the child adjusts their understanding of animals. This process demonstrates:
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration
Schema reversal
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of an algorithm?
Guessing the password to an account by trying familiar combinations
Systematically testing every possible password combination to unlock an account
Making a quick decision based on the first idea that comes to mind
Choosing a password that looks similar to others successfully used in the past
A child learns that apples are a type of fruit. Later, when introduces to oranges, the child categorizes them as fruits as well, without changing their understanding of fruit. This is an example of:
Accommodation
Assimilation
Adaptation
Concept reinforcement
What is the availability heuristic?
A mental shortcut that involves judging the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind
A problem-solving strategy that systematically examines all possible solutions
A decision-making process influenced by external cues rather than memory
A way of solving problems by relying on logical reasoning and careful analysis
What does convergent thinking refer to?
Generating multiple, diverse solutions to a problem
Focusing on finding the single best solution to a problem
Avoiding decision-making by considering too many options
Using creativity to explore unconventional solutions
What is the best definition of creativity in psychology?
The ability to solve problems using logical reasoning and structure
The process of generating ideas that are both original and useful
The tendency to think about problems from a single perspective
The skill of quickly applying learned knowledge to novel situations
After hearing about a recent plane crash on the news, a person decides to drive instead of fly on their upcoming trip because they believe flying is more dangerous. This is an example of:
Convergent thinking
The availability heuristic
Functional fixedness
Overconfidence bias
Which scenario best illustrates convergent thinking?
A student brainstorming multiple ideas for a science project
A scientist testing one hypothesis after another until they find the correct answer
A mathematician solving a complex equation to find the single, correct solution
An artist creating an abstract painting inspired by their emotions
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates creativity?
A student recalling facts to answer a history question correctly
An inventor designing a new app that helps people track their mental health in a unique way
A chef preparing a meal using a traditional recipe with no modifications
A researcher following standard protocol for testing an existing hypothesis
What is divergent thinking?
The ability to find a single, correct solution to a problem
The process of generating multiple, creative solutions to a problem
A decision-making strategy focused on logical analysis
A method of problem-solving that relies on trial and error
Which of the following best describes executive functions?
Cognitive processes involved in organizing and regulating goal-directed behavior
The ability to recall specific events from long-term memory
The set of skills related to emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication
Logical reasoning used to solve math or science problems
What does framing refer to in decision-making?
The tendency to ignore alternative perspectives when making a choice
The way information is presented, which can influence decision-making
The bias of relying on past experiences to solve new problems
The process of evaluating the pros and cons of a decision logically
What does functional fixedness refer to in problem-solving?
The tendency to rely on past experiences when solving new problems
The inability to see new uses for an object beyond its traditional purpose
The focus on finding a single solution rather than considering multiple options
The reliance on mental shortcuts to save cognitive effort
Which scenario best illustrates divergent thinking?
A student brainstorming multiple ways to reduce plastic waste in their community
A mathematician calculating the exact solution to a complex equation
A chef following a traditional recipe to prepare a meal
A researcher conducting a step-by-step experiment to test a hypothesis
A student is preparing for an upcoming exam by organizing their study schedule, focusing their attention on difficult topics, and avoiding distractions while working. Which cognitive process are they demonstrating?
Divergent thinking
Executive functions
Framing
Functional fixedness
A doctor explains a surgery to a patient by saying it has a 90% success rate instead of mentioning the 10% failure rate. The patient feels more optimistic about the procedure as a result. This is an example of:
Divergent thinking
Functional fixedness
Framing
Executive functions
A person needs to hammer a nail into the wall but doesn't have a hammer. Despite having a heavy wrench nearby, they fail to consider using it. This is an example of:
Divergent thinking
Functional fixedness
Executive dysfunction
Framing
What is the gambler's fallacy?
The tendency to overestimate the probability of rare events
The belief that future probabilities are influenced by past events in independent trials
The inclination to avoid risks in decision-making
The assumption that random events will always balance out immediately
What are heuristics?
Logical, step-by-step methods that guarantee a correct solution
Shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making
Patterns of behavior reinforced through repeated practice
Scientific techniques used to assess cognitive ability
What is a mental set in problem-solving?
The tendency to approach problems using past strategies that were successful
The inability to adapt to new rules when solving a problem
The focus on generating multiple creative solutions to a single problem
The habit of overanalyzing problems to find a perfect solution
What is priming in psychology?
The process of learning through repeated exposure
The activation of certain associations, often unconsciously, influencing perception or behavior
The deliberate focus on one stimulus while ignoring others
The strengthening of synaptic connections through frequent use
After flipping a coin and getting heads five times in a row, a person bets on tails for the next flip, believing tails is "due". This is an example of:
Heuristics
Mental set
Gambler's fallacy
Priming
Which of the following illustrates the use of a heuristic?
Following a detailed recipe to bake a cake
Guessing someone's age based on their physical appearance
Systematically trying every key on a keyring to unlock a door
Calculating probabilities using precise mathematical formulas
A student solves a math problem using a formula they've successfully used in the past. When the formula doesn't work for a similar problem, they struggle to find a new approach. This is an example of:
Priming
Menta set
Gambler's fallacy
Heuristics
A person who recently watched a horror movie hears creaking noises in their house and assumes someone is breaking in. This demonstrates:
Gambler's fallacy
Mental set
Priming
Heuristics
What is a prototype in the context of cognition?
The most common example of a concept based on personal experience
A mental image or best example that represents a category
A rule of thumb used for categorizing objects
A fixed pattern of behavior developed through conditioning
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Judging the likelihood of an event based on how closely it matches a prototype
A systematic method of testing all possible solutions to a problem
A bias that arises when estimating probabilities based on vivid examples
The tendency to avoid decision-making by deferring to others
What are schemas in psychology?
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information
Strategies used to quickly solve problems
Fixed patterns of behavior resulting from reinforcement
Cognitive biases that distort decision-making
What is the sunk cost fallacy?
The tendency to abandon a project after minimal investment
The belief that investing more resources will lead to better outcomes, even if the situation is hopeless
The logical analysis of past decisions to guide future investments
The focus on short-term benefits over long-term consequences
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a prototype?
A person think of a robin as the best example of a bird because it matches their mental image of a bird
A student creating a flowchart to categorize different types of birds
A child grouping together animals based on size rather than species
A biologist systematically listing all features of birds to create a classification system
A person assumes a quiet individual who loves reading must be a librarian rather than a salesperson, ignoring that there are far more salespeople than librarians. This demonstrates:
Prototype
Representativeness heuristic
Schema
Sunk cost fallacy
A child visits a zoo and calls a zebra a "striped horse" because it fits their mental framework for what a horse looks like. This is an example of:
Sunk cost fallacy
Representativeness heuristic
Prototype
Schema
A person continues to repair an old car that frequently breaks down because they've already spent thousands of dollars fixing it, even though buying a new car would save them money in the long run. This is an example of:
Prototype
Representativeness heuristic
Sunk cost fallacy
Schema
