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WorksheetsAP Psych Exam Review #1
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 38mins
Which of the following studies is best for investigating the relative impact of nature versus nurture on behavior?
A) Case studies
B) Longitudinal studies
C) Twin studies
D) Experimental studies
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Match the following functions with the corresponding nervous system actions.
Prepare the body for fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system
Regulate voluntary muscle movements
Somatic nervous system
Control involuntary actions and return the body to a resting state
Parasympathetic nervous system
Facilitate reflexive actions
Reflex arc
What is the gap between neurons called, where neurotransmitters are released?
Dendrite
Axon
Synapse
Node of Ranvier
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle movement and memory?
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABA
The amygdala is primarily responsible for which of the following?
Language comprehension
Emotional responses, especially fear and aggression
Balance and coordination
Memory consolidation
The (a) is involved in regulating body temperature and hunger.
The stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreams is (a)
Which disorder is characterized by sudden bouts of overwhelming sleepiness, sometimes causing the person to collapse directly into REM sleep?
Sleep apnea
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
REM sleep behavior disorder
What is the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural impulses?
Sensory adaptation
Transduction
Perception
Conduction
Which part of the eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light that enters the eye?
Retina
Cornea
Iris
Lens
What theory of color vision explains afterimages and color blindness?
Trichromatic theory
Opponent-process theory
Place theory
Frequency theory
Rods in the retina are primarily responsible for:
A) Color vision
B) Night and peripheral vision
C) Detecting fine detail
D) Processing motion
Which theory explains how we hear different pitches by the location where sound waves stimulate the cochlea?
Place theory
Frequency theory
Volley theory
Opponent-process theory
What structure in the ear is responsible for transducing sound waves into neural impulses?
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Cochlea
Eustachian tube
Which of the following best describes *top-down* processing?
Processing that begins with sensory input and works up to the brain's integration of information.
Processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions based on our experiences and expectations.
The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.
A form of visual recognition using only external cues.
The Gestalt principle that explains why we see an incomplete figure as whole is called:
Proximity
Similarity
Closure
Figure-ground
Which of the following is an example of a heuristic in decision-making?
Using a step-by-step method to solve a problem.
Relying on the most recent or easily recalled information when making a decision.
Conducting thorough research before arriving at a solution.
Formulating decisions based on all possible outcomes.
What is *semantic memory*?
Memory of facts and general knowledge.
Memory of personal experiences.
Memory of motor skills.
Memory of sensory information.
Which technique is most effective for improving long-term memory retention?
A) Massed practice
B) Distributed practice
C) Shallow processing
D) Maintenance rehearsal
According to Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve, what happens to memory retention over time without reinforcement?
Memory retention remains stable.
Memory retention increases.
Memory retention decreases rapidly at first, then levels off.
Memory retention fluctuates randomly.
The *phonological loop* is responsible for:
Storing visual and spatial information.
Processing auditory and verbal information.
Coordinating all activities in working memory.
Encoding long-term memories.
Which depth perception cue involves the brain interpreting closer objects as having more detailed textures than those farther away?
Linear perspective
Texture gradient
Relative size
Retinal disparity
The belief that future probabilities are altered by past events, when they are actually independent, is called:
The sunk-cost fallacy
The framing effect
The gambler’s fallacy
Mental set
What is *long-term potentiation* (LTP)?
The process of encoding information for short-term use.
The strengthening of synaptic connections as a result of repeated stimulation.
The gradual fading of unused information over time.
A technique to rehearse information in working memory.
What is *long-term potentiation* (LTP)?
The process of encoding information for short-term use.
The strengthening of synaptic connections as a result of repeated stimulation.
The gradual fading of unused information over time.
A technique to rehearse information in working memory.
The *tip-of-the-tongue* phenomenon is an example of:
A) Encoding failure
B) Retrieval failure
C) Proactive interference
D) Storage decay
Which term refers to the illusion that stationary objects are moving when viewed in rapid succession?
A) Binocular disparity
B) Apparent motion
C) Depth perception
D) Perceptual constancy
Which theory suggests that intelligence is made up of multiple abilities, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligences?
Spearman’s theory of general intelligence
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
Thurstone’s primary mental abilities
The *serial position effect* demonstrates that:
A) We are more likely to remember the first and last items in a list.
B) We can recall items best when they are unique in a list.
C) Repeated exposure to a list improves recall of the middle items.
D) The order of item presentation has no effect on recall.
Which theme explores the extent to which personality traits remain consistent throughout life?
Nature vs. Nurture
Stability vs. Change
Individual vs. Cultural
Immediate vs. Delayed Development
What does a cross-sectional study involve?
A) Observing different age groups at a single point in time
B) Following a single group over time
C) Manipulating variables to observe changes
D) Testing the same participants across various studies
Which study design is most vulnerable to participant dropout over time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Experimental
C) Longitudinal
D) Correlational
Which theme examines how genetic inheritance and experience impact development?
A) Nature vs. Nurture
B) Stability vs. Change
C) Individual vs. Social
D) Immediate vs. Delayed
Teratogens are best described as:
A) Beneficial chemicals for prenatal development
B) Harmful substances that affect prenatal development
C) Developmental milestones in infancy
D) Reflexes present at birth
The rooting reflex in infants serves primarily to:
A) Aid in survival by finding nourishment
B) Help develop motor skills
C) Encourage social bonding
D) Improve depth perception
The visual cliff experiment by Gibson and Walk demonstrated:
Depth perception develops as infants grow
Newborns are capable of perceiving depth
Infants have an innate fear of heights
Vision matures after infancy
The visual cliff experiment by Gibson and Walk demonstrated:
Depth perception develops as infants grow
Newborns are capable of perceiving depth
Infants have an innate fear of heights
Vision matures after infancy
Which of the following is considered a gross motor skill?
Holding a pencil
Walking
Turning the page of a book
Grasping objects with fingers
Puberty is marked by:
An increase in reasoning skills
Physical growth and sexual maturation
Formation of lifelong attachments
Stabilization of self-concept
Gender identity is defined as:
A) A person’s social role based on biological sex
B) A deeply held sense of being male, female, or another gender
C) Behaviors associated with a specific sex
D) Cultural expectations around gender
Gender roles are shaped by:
Biological predispositions only
Social learning and cultural expectations
Sexual orientation refers to:
Cultural expectations about relationships
An individual’s pattern of attraction toward others
A phase in adolescence
Gender identity development
In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, children develop:
Conservation skills
Language fluency
Object permanence
Theory of mind
Assimilation in Piaget’s theory refers to:
Creating new schemas for new information
Fitting new information into existing schemas
Reaching new cognitive stages
Independent problem solving
What is self-serving bias? (Check all that apply)
The tendency to attribute our own successes to internal factors
The tendency to attribute our failures to external factors
The tendency to attribute behavior to a mix of internal and external factors
The tendency to ignore others' behaviors completely
In attribution theory, which of the following best describes a dispositional attribution?
A) Attributing someone's behavior to external factors
B) Attributing someone's behavior to their internal traits
C) Attributing someone's behavior to their environment
D) Attributing someone's behavior to their family background
Which bias involves overestimating personal traits and underestimating situational factors?
Self-serving bias
Actor-observer bias
Fundamental attribution error
Cognitive dissonance
A person who attributes their success to hard work and intelligence demonstrates which explanatory style?
Pessimistic
Optimistic
Defensive
Critical
What produces the bystander effect?
The tendency to help someone in need when others are present
The tendency to assume others will take responsibility in emergencies
The tendency to help more when in a large crowd
The phenomenon where groups make better decisions than individuals
Which bias involves overestimating personal traits and underestimating situational factors?
Self-serving bias
Actor-observer bias
Fundamental attribution error
Cognitive dissonance
According to Carl Rogers, what is the ideal self?
The person one aspires to be
The version of oneself accepted by society
The person one perceives themselves to be
The ideal version of one's personality
Which personality theory emphasizes the importance of self-actualization?
Trait theory
Social-cognitive theory
Humanistic theory
According to Albert Bandura, what is the concept of reciprocal determinism?
A) Behavior is influenced by unconscious drives
B) Cognition, behavior, and environment influence each other
C) Personality is shaped solely by the environment
D) Behavior is determined by the id, ego, and superego
Which of the following is the best example of a stereotype?
A) Believing that all students from a specific school are hardworking
B) Believing that people are all unique and different from one another
C) Treating others based on their personality traits
D) Recognizing that everyone has individual experiences
Which of the following behaviors is most likely influenced by 'normative social influence'?
A) Agreeing with your friends just to fit in, even if you privately disagree
B) Thinking critically about an issue and forming your own opinion
C) Making decisions based on factual evidence alone
D) Acting independently and making decisions without concern for group opinions
In Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity, how did the presence of a dissenter affect participants?
A) It increased conformity
B) It had no effect on conformity
C) It decreased conformity
D) It caused participants to rebel against the group
Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution?
A) Believing a person was late because of bad traffic
B) Believing a person was late because they are disorganized
C) Assuming someone is rude because they are stressed at work
D) Thinking a person is quiet because they were just shy in the social situation
What is the term for when a group’s desire for harmony leads to poor decision-making?
Groupthink
Group polarization
Social loafing
Conformity
According to cognitive dissonance theory, when an individual experiences cognitive dissonance, they are most likely to:
Deny that there is any conflict between their attitudes and behaviors
Change their behavior to match their attitude or change their attitude to match their behavior
Change their environment to reduce the discomfort
Increase their discomfort to resolve the conflict more effectively
Which of the following is a key focus of health psychology?
How personality traits influence interpersonal relationships
The relationship between psychological factors and physical health
How cultural practices influence mental illness
The effectiveness of different therapeutic techniques
According to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which phase is characterized by the body's initial response to stress?
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Recovery
Which of the following is an example of distress?
Running a marathon and feeling accomplished
Preparing for a final exam and feeling motivated
Constantly worrying about a job interview and feeling anxious
Receiving a compliment and feeling good about yourself
Which coping strategy involves changing one's response to a stressor rather than changing the stressor itself?
Problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping
Avoidance coping
Social support
Which of the following is most commonly associated with eustress?
Running away from danger
Experiencing a life-threatening illness
A sudden, unexpected job loss
Performing well in a challenging competition
In the context of positive psychology, which of the following is considered a 'signature strength'?
Wisdom
Distrust
Cognitive dissonance
Neuroticism
According to the diathesis-stress model, what causes psychological disorders?
Genetic vulnerability and life stressors
Cultural norms and practices
Excessive behavioral responses to stimuli
A lack of proper social support
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of schizophrenia?
Delusions
Hallucinations
Excessive hand washing
Disorganized speech
Which psychological disorder is characterized by a chronic but mild depressive state?
Bipolar I disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of panic disorder?
Sudden feelings of terror
Increased heart rate
Feelings of hopelessness
Chest pain and choking sensations
In cognitive therapy, the cognitive triad refers to negative thoughts about which of the following?
A) Oneself, the world, and the future
B) The past, present, and future
C) Social groups, behavior, and relationships
D) The mind, body, and emotions
Which of the following is NOT an example of a dissociative disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder
Hoarding disorder
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Which of the following is an example of a culture-bound syndrome?
Taijin kyofusho
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Which of the following statements is true about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
PTSD only affects military personnel
PTSD is linked to experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event
PTSD symptoms last for only a few days
PTSD symptoms always involve flashbacks and nightmares
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate use of hypnosis?
Treating anxiety
Recalling past life memories
Managing pain
Reducing stress
