a very old pursuit, as the preceding quotation illustrates.

(a)  

described oil seeps in Carthage (Tunisia) and the Greek island Zacynthus

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year herodotus described the oil seeps

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invaded India; he scattered the Indian elephant corps by charging them with horsemen waving pots of burning pitch.

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year alexander the great invaded india

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employed a similar device, impregnating the humps of camels with oil and sending them a blaze against the Indian elephant

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invented the greek fire

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what year did callinicus of heliopolis invented the greek fire

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what year did the British Crown issued a patent to Master Eele, Hancock, and Porlock

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where is the first well in the Western World specifically sunk to search for oil in 1745

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credits the birth of the shale industry in 1847

(a)  

what year did the first well to produce oil intentionally in the Western World was drilled

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where did first well to produce oil intentionally in the Western World was drilled

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who credited the first well to produce oil intentionally in the Western World was drilled

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the year of the development of the internal combustion engine

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in 1920s The oil industry was dominated by seven major companies termed the

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who termed the seven sisters

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evolved from a consortium of Socar, Texaco, Mobil, and Exxon.

(a)  

opec was producing two thirds of the free worlds oil

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are caused by variations in deposition, erosion, or diagenesis within the reservoir.

(a)  

latter part of the nineteenth century and early part of the twentieth, oil exploration was based on?

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seldom proved to be effective oil finders

(a)  

proved to be effective in finding salt dome traps in the gulf of mexico coastal province of the US

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how deep is the oceanic crust in miles and km

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how deep is the continental crust in miles and km

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is a process in which the layers of the crust are folded and pushed upward by such processes as plate tectonics and volcanism.

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opposing forces in which the sediments are broken down and transported

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occurs when a solid rock is fragmented by physical processes that do not change the rock's chemical composition

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occurs when minerals in a rock are chemically altered or dissolved

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removal of weathered debris

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are formed from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical, chemical, and or structural changes in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and chemical environment.

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are formed as sediments, either from eroded fragments of older rocks or chemical precipitates

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formed as a result of the weathering or fragmentation of pre-existing rocks and minerals and classified on the basis of their textures, primarily the sizes of the grains.

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formed as a result of chemical processes

(a)  

sediments formed by a mineral compound characterized by a fundamental anionic structure of CO3-2.

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sedimentary rocks consisting chiefly of the mineral calcite

(a)  

formed during the deposition of the constituent sediments. also termed as mechanical structure. inorganic in nature

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individual layer of a sedimentary rock is called ?

(a)  

linear deposition of constituent sediments like small fragments of parent materials

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the individual layers are less than one cm think, it's called?

(a)  

is a characterisic structure of fine-grained sedimentary rocks like clays and shales

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individual layers are called

(a)  

consists of sets of bedded material deposited by wind or water and inclined at angles even upto 35 degree from the horizontal.

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usually show truncated top and asymptotic bottom beds assuming horizontality.

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also referred as current-bedding or false bedding

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the angle of truncation is over 15 degree having lower bounding surfaces as erosional plane

(a)  

the angle of truncation is at 15 degree, with non-erosional lower bounding surfaces

(a)  

the angle of truncation is less than 15 degree and having curved erosional surface

(a)  

cross beds having the top and bottom surfaces of the deposit are essentially parallel, indicating better sorted sediments

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when all the layers in cross beds show an extreme irregularity in their shape and disposition and may be intersected by many other beds at different angles

(a)  

this type of cross beds the individual layers exist in well-defined sets of parallel layers but bears angular relationship with each other.

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they show progressive variation of grain size from coarser at the bottom to finer towards the top of a bed, in a gradual manner

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is a wavy structure characterized by a crest and a trough. they are very small dune like features of sand or silt whose long dimension is at right angles to the direction of current movement.

(a)  

are asymmetrical in nature, having parallel, long, more or less equidistant ridges trending in straight lines at right angles to the direction of flow lee-ward side. common bedforms

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also known as symmetrical ripple form when the water moves back and forth, such as tidal action.

(a)  

common structural features typically developed in clayey sediments due to prolonged exposure to the atmosphere and are also known as shrinkage cracks or sun cracks

(a)  

irregular, small crater-shaped depressions with slightly raised edges seen on fine-grained dried soft sediment surfaces.

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these structures are preserved on the base of a bed which sharply differentiated lithologically from the bed below. usually occur at the interface of two different lithologies

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are found most commonly in turbidite deposits ;)

(a)  

are formed after sometime after deposition. these structures are products of chemical action or biological activity contemporaneous with sedimentation of shortly thereafter

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they are spherical to elliptical usually small bodies of diverse chemical nature than the rocks in which they occur. Developed on accretion and subsequent precipitation of the dissolved carbonate material derived from pre-existing rocks.

(a)  

spherical to subspherical hollow shell of chalcedony with an internally lined mineral commonly quartz but sometimes crystal aragonite, chalcopryite,or sphalerite may as well projected.

(a)  

they formed as a result of solution activity commonly in calcareous rocks.

(a)  

from the ceiling

(a)  

rising from the ground

(a)  

serrated surfaces within a rock mass along which mineral material has been removed by interstratal solution dissolution.

(a)  

used to describe branched projections of neurons

(a)  

include fossil impressions or structure produced by biological activities of organisms, as well as petrified remains of animals or plants.

(a)  

these markings are indicative of activity of organism over soft sediments.

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they are also known as bioturbation marks

(a)  

also known as algal stromatolites are sedimentary structures and are composed of sand-silt and clay sized sediment particulates.

(a)  

they are dome to elongate, massive to bedded forms accumulate largely as a result of organic buildups within otherwise horizontal or nearly flat-lying strata.

(a)  

organisms buried in sediment slowly decay, leaving a hollow space that contains an exact imprint of the organisms shape and size.

(a)  

most abundant mineral chemically or biochemically precipitated in the ocean

(a)  

when used without qualification, indicates a rock containing about 85-90 percent quartz

(a)  

clastic sedimentary rocks composed of mainly sand sized particles or grains set in a matrix of silt or clay and more or less firmly united by a cementing material.

(a)  

most important and widely distributed of the carbonate rocks

(a)  

typically porous and contain hydrocarbons but generally exhibit no permeability

(a)  

do not form reservoirs like limestone and sandstone, but are very important to petroleumm exploration because they make excellent cap rocks and generate traps

(a)  

used for all deposits

(a)  

make excellent cap rocks because they are impermeable and, unlike lithified shales, they deform plastically, not by fracturing

(a)  

they occur on the upper and lower surfaces of beds as well as within beds. Large-scale features which show variety of interesting and significant geometries..

(a)  

each bed is separated from the adjacent bed by developing a surface of contact which give rise to a plane

(a)  

is an umbrella term which is used to cover both bed and laminae

(a)  

are the commonest bedforms encountered within the lower flow unidirectional regime.

(a)  

can give an indication of bed disposition pointing ripple crest upwards.

(a)  

good indicators of subaerial exposure but are not exclusive to arid climates

(a)  

elongated depressions that form on the bottom of the body water as the current erodes

(a)  

usually form parallel to bedding. the pattern produced by stylolites resembles that pattern of a heartbeat

(a)  

occur due to filing along the fissures in the rock by percolating mineral solution

(a)  

these structures are commonly met in intrabasinal sediments but sometimes they are also reported from extrabasinal sediments.

(a)  

traces preserved wholly within the bed are called?

(a)  

built during carbonate deposition by organisms that biogenetically precipitate carbonate materials

(a)