What consists of a set of conductors such as ribbon cables, external cabling, copper tracks on a printed circuit board, microscopic aluminum trails on the surface of a silicon chip, and many other forms?

What allows each device connected, in the form of trailings or wires, to transmit a bit of data (1 or 0), making the collection of wires capable of transferring a byte or a word at a time depending on its width?

In reality, each bus consists of how many distinct physical lines divided into three (3) subassemblies?

Also known as Memory Bus

Also known as Command Bus

What is the unidirectional bus that transports memory addresses which the processor wants to access to read or write data?

What is the bidirectional bus that transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor?

What is the bidirectional bus that transports orders and synchronization signals coming from the control unit and traveling to all other hardware components, and also transmits response signals from the hardware?

Which data transmission method is normally used for long-distance data transfer and when the amount of data is relatively small?

Which data transmission method ensures data integrity by sending data bits one by one in a specific order?

In which transmission method are multiple data bits transmitted over multiple channels at the same time?

Data can be sent faster than using serial transmission methods.

In which type of bus protocol are data bits transmitted as a continuous stream synchronized with a master clock?

Which type of bus protocol does not use start bits, stop bits, and gaps?

Which protocol is highly dependent on correct timing synchronization between devices?

Which bus protocol uses start bits and stop bits to synchronize data transmission?

In which type of bus protocol can data bits be sent at any point in time?

In asynchronous transmission, what is used to provide time between data transmissions?

What does a bus transfer from one place to another?

What travels between the CPU and memory along the data bus?

Characteristics of Computer Bus

All types of buses found in computer transfer data between computer peripherals

connected to it.

Characteristics of Computer Bus

A bus has address lines that match those of the processor. This allows data to be sent to

or from specific memory locations.

Characteristics of Computer Bus

A bus supplies power to various peripherals connected to it.

Characteristics of Computer Bus

A bus provides a system clock signal to synchronize the peripherals attached to it with the

rest of the system.

What is a component that routes data between a computer’s buses and enables all components to communicate with each other?

Which part of the chipset controls the transfer of data between the processor and RAM?

Why is the Northbridge physically located near the processor?

This allows the processor to communicate with the system’s central memory or the RAM.

Which part of the chipset handles communication between peripheral devices?

What is another term for the Southbridge?

Which bus allows various motherboard components like USB or serial ports to communicate?

Another term for Northbridge?

Another term for Internal Bus?

Another term for Expansion Bus?

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Previously Used Technology

IBM introduced this bus for IBM PC using an 8088 microprocessor. This has an 8-bit data bus and 20 address lines at a clock speed of 8 MHz.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Previously Used Technology

This bus is a standard interface between a computer and its expansion. As applications became more graphically intensive, ________ was introduced to maximize throughput of video graphics memory. This also provides fast data flow between stations and can transfer up to 132 Mbps.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Previously Used Technology

This is connected to the CPU. This operates at the speed of the processor bus and implies that video information is sent quickly to the card for processing. The data transfer rate ranges from 264 Mbps to 528Mbps and 800 Mbps up to 1.5 Gbps. Identified by its brown color.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Previously Used Technology

Intel Corporation developed this bus. This includes a 32 or 64-bit bus that runs at 33/66 MHz clock speed. It offers many advantages for connections to hubs, routers, and network interface cards (NIC). In particular, provides more bandwidth up to 1 Gigabit per second as needed by these hardware components.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Currently Used Technology

It is a set of ANSI standard electronic interfaces that allows PCs to communicate faster with peripheral hardware (e. g., disk drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, and scanners). It is more flexible than previous parallel data transfer interfaces.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Currently Used Technology

This was founded to give a standard bus for laptop computers. This card has a 68-pin connector that connects into a slot in the PC. These cards are plug-and-play devices that are often hot-swappable in most of the operating systems.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Currently Used Technology

It is an interface standard for connecting high-speed components. It comes in different physical configurations: x1, x4, x8, x16, x32. The number after the “x” implies the number of lanes (how data travels to) that it has.

Computer Bus Technologies --->>> Currently Used Technology

It connects peripheral devices such as digital cameras, mice, keyboards, printers, scanners, media devices, external hard drives, and flash drives. It is intended to enhance plug-and-play and to allow hot-swapping.

This allows user input from the outside world to the computer.

This allows information output from the computer to the outside world.

This allows information to be sent through input and output.

This allows the usage of I/O for storing and fetching of information.

I/O Characteristics

I/O devices are incredibly diverse with respect to the following:

Input, output, or storage purposes

I/O Characteristics

I/O devices are incredibly diverse with respect to the following:

Input, output, or storage purposes

I/O Characteristics

I/O devices are incredibly diverse with respect to the following:

Input, output, or storage purposes

I/O Characteristics

I/O devices are incredibly diverse with respect to the following:

Input, output, or storage purposes

I/O Characteristics

I/O devices are incredibly diverse with respect to the following:

Human or machine interaction

I/O Characteristics

I/O devices are incredibly diverse with respect to the following:

The amount of data transferred to or from the I/O device in a period. It is typically measured in bits per second

I/O Characteristics

I/O Considerations:

This refers to how fast the device is.

I/O Characteristics

I/O Considerations:

This refers to the expansion of the I/O device.

I/O Characteristics

I/O Considerations:

This refers to the capability of the range and control of an I/O device.

I/O Characteristics

I/O Considerations:

This refers to the cost (how cheap or expensive) of an I/O module or device.

I/O Characteristics

I/O Considerations:

These refer to the dimensions of an I/O device.

I/O Performance

This is the amount of information that can be input (output) and communicated across an interconnect (say, for example, a bus) to the processor or memory (I/O device) per unit time.

I/O Performance

This is the total elapsed time to accomplish by an input or output operation. This is also an especially important performance metric in real-time systems.

I/O Performance

Also known as Throughput

I/O Performance

Also known as Latency

I/O Performance

Two questions in I/O Bandwidth

Modes of I/O Transfer

These instructions are the result of I/O instructions written in a computer program. The instruction in the program initiates each data item transfer. Usually, the program controls data transfer to and from the CPU and peripheral. Transferring data requires constant monitoring of the peripherals by the CPU.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Programmed I/O

For addressing the I/O device.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Programmed I/O

For holding I/O data.

Modes of I/O Transfer

The interface determines when the peripheral is ready for data transfer, then it generates an interrupt. After receiving the interrupt signal, the CPU stops the task it processes and service the I/O transfer. Then, it returns to its previous processing task. It also require CPU immediate attention.

Modes of I/O Transfer

It is a technique of removing the CPU from the path and letting the peripheral device manage the memory buses directly to improve the speed of transfer. It manages the transfer of data between peripherals and memory unit. CPU initiates the transfer, does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and receives an interrupt when the transfer has been completed.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Interrupt Initiated I/O --->>> Uses of Interrupts

This process periodically checks for external events (ex. checking keyboard input).

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Interrupt Initiated I/O --->>> Uses of Interrupts

It can be a notifier when a process is complete.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Interrupt Initiated I/O --->>> Uses of Interrupts

The time between interrupt pulses is known as a quantum, which represents the time that each program or process will have allotted to it.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Interrupt Initiated I/O --->>> Uses of Interrupts

It uses traps or exceptions to avoid errors or illegal instructions.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Interrupt Initiated I/O --->>> Uses of Interrupts

Programs or applications with higher priority and privileges (depending on the user’s and system’s grant) can request a special interrupt if prompted.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Direct Memory Access --->>> Main Conditions

The following are the Main Conditions of DMA EXCEPT

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Direct Memory Access --->>> Methods of Execution

The two (2) methods of execution.

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Direct Memory Access --->>> Methods of Execution

The following are characteristics of Buffer Chaining EXCEPT

Modes of I/O Transfer --->>> Direct Memory Access --->>> Methods of Execution

The following are characteristics of Operation Chaining EXCEPT

I/O Controller --->>> Functions

It includes the connection, voltage supply, protocol enactor, clocking.

I/O Controller --->>> Functions

It is able to process memory locations or addresses for the function of processing.

I/O Controller --->>> Functions

It can combine multiple signals over the bus to reduce multiple bus usage.

I/O Controller --->>> Functions

It gives data transfer a boost by preloading data into memory before processing.

I/O Controller --->>> Functions

It can detect errors and correction.

I/O Controller --->>> Functions

This reduces CPU workload due to I/O controller being the one that processes I/O instructions.

Serves as an intermediary interface between the CPU and a specific device that accepts commands from the CPU and controls the exact device after.

Serve as direct interfaces between a general system bus and each of the system’s peripheral devices. In

general, It simplify the task of interfacing peripheral devices to a CPU.

They support DMA so the CPU may be free to perform other tasks.

Allows the processing of each instruction to progress in parallel.

A small piece of software that tells the operating system and other software how to communicate with a piece of hardware.

Provide the specialized circuitry required to interface different types of peripherals to the computer.

Which of the following statements about Parallel Bus are correct?

• Statement 1: Parallel bus transmits several streams of data simultaneously along multiple channels.

• Statement 2: Parallel bus is used mainly for long-distance communication.

• Statement 3: Parallel bus operates in half-duplex mode — data is either sent or received.

• Statement 4: Parallel bus requires fewer interconnecting cables and occupies less space.

Which of the following statements about Serial Bus are correct?

• Statement 1: Serial bus can transmit fewer data in faster clock cycles to achieve a higher data rate.

• Statement 2: Serial bus is half-duplex — sender can either send or receive but not both.

• Statement 3: Serial bus requires fewer interconnecting cables and occupies less space.

• Statement 4: Serial bus is used for long-distance communication.

What is the process called where multiple requests are recognized and priority is given to one of them?

Which of the following statements about Centralized Arbitration are correct?

• Statement 1: In centralized arbitration, an arbitration circuit receives requests from the contending bus masters and then decides which of them is to be given control of the bus.

• Statement 2: A single hardware device, known as a bus controller or arbiter, is responsible for allocating time to bus.

• Statement 3: The device may be part of the CPU or a separate module such as daisy-chaining.

• Statement 4: Each module may claim the bus independently.

Which of the following statements about Distributed Arbitration are correct?

• Statement 1: There is no central controller. Each module may claim the bus.

• Statement 2: All devices monitor all the request lines.

• Statement 3: In a system with distributed arbitration, each of the masters takes part in the arbitration process.

• Statement 4: The system lacks a specific arbiter—each master monitors the other masters and decides whether to continue competing for the bus or give up and wait until later.