According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, _______, ________ (charity), and _________ ____ were depicted by theologians as the principal reasons for going on crusade. These theologians often drew upon ________ian texts in their arguments.

(a)  

According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, caritas, charitei (charity), and Christian love were portrayed by the élite as the principal reasons for going on crusade. This élite contextualised the crusades in terms that were ________ to the populace over which it presided: the crusades became a _____-____ waged by Europeans on those who had despoiled and dispossessed ______, their lord, of his feudal ________as, and the eastern Christians, their brothers, of their freedoms.

(a)  

(a)   : (in theology) leading to salvation.

Crusading became an “act of love” (_____-_____ ____) because it aimed to ________ the _______ ______ians, the brothers of the Latins, from the yoke of the Muslims; to restore the haereditas of which Christ, their lord, had been dispossessed; and to serve a salvific role for those Muslims whose bodies were killed yet whose souls, in doing so, were freed.

(a)  

Crusading became an “___ __ ____” (Riley-Smith 1980) because it aimed to liberate the eastern Christians, the brothers of the Latins, from the yoke of the ______s; to restore the __________ of which ______, their ___d, had been dispossessed; and to serve a salvific role for those Muslims whose bodies were killed yet whose souls, in doing so, were freed.

(a)  

Crusading became an “act of love” (_____-_____ ____) because it aimed to liberate the eastern Christians, the brothers of the Latins, from the yoke of the Muslims; to restore the haereditas of which Christ, their lord, had been dispossessed; and to serve a ________ role for those ______s whose bodies were killed yet whose ____s, in doing so, were freed.

(a)  

(a)   : a papal letter sent to all bishops of the Roman Catholic Church.

In his encyclical of ________ ____, Quantum praedecessores, Pope ________ ___ wrote that those who had answered the call to the First Crusade (____–__) had been “_____ by the ardour of charity.”

(a)  

In his encyclical of December 1145, _______ ______________, Pope Eugenius III wrote that those who had answered the call to the First Crusade (1095–99) had been “fired by the ______ of _______.”

(a)  

In the ____s, the poet or poets known as ________ lamented the _______ of their countrymen to _________ ________m, exclaiming that “the fire of charity is cold in every Christian heart.”

(a)  

In the 1260s, the poet or poets known as Rutebeuf lamented the failure of their countrymen to recapture Jerusalem, exclaiming that “the ____ of _______ is ____ in _____ _________ _____.”

(a)  

Eugenius III, _____ of _____, and Rutebeuf used the theological terms _______ or ________ (charity) to denote Christian love, heightened these in a traditional Christian way with the terms ‘_____’ or ‘____’, and linked them to the crusades.

(a)  

Christian charity encompasses ____ of ___ and ____ of one’s _________, and both these expressions of love were touched on by _________s of the crusades.

(a)  

In _________ ____, Pope Urban II promised __________s to those _________ who joined the First Crusade, as they had given themselves over to the cause “out of ____ of God and their neighbour.”

(a)  

St. _______, writing in the ____s of news of Muslim victories in the east, asked, “where is our ____ for ___, where is our ____ for our _________?”

(a)  

The taking of the cross—the ______ of a cross on a man’s ________ as a symbol of his _________ ___—was seen as a response to Christ’s statement, “Whosoever doth not carry his cross and come after me cannot be my disciple” (____ __:__).

(a)  

The taking of the cross—the sewing of a cross on a man’s garments as a symbol of his crusading vow—was seen as a response to Christ’s statement, “_________ ____ ___ _____ ___ _____ ___ ____ _____ __ ______ __ __ ________” (Luke 14:27).

(a)  

Though it is notoriously difficult to establish exactly what occurred at the _______ of _______t in ________ ____, it is possible that Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade on the basis of Christ’s injunction in ____ __:__.

(a)  

One scribe writing of the council of Clermont in ____ claimed that Urban II had cited ____ __:__ as he ordered the crusaders to ___ _______ onto their ________.

(a)  

The German ________ of ____, who was himself in the east in ____, compared the crusaders to _____ of ______, helping Jesus bear the burden of his _____.

(a)  

In c.____, in a ____ that was often to be reissued, Pope _________ __ wrote that the _______s, “renouncing earthly desires and possessions, bearing his cross, are _________ of Christ.”

(a)  

In c.11__, in a bull that was often to be reissued, Pope Celestine II wrote that the Templars, “renouncing _______ ______s and __________s, ____ing his _____, are followers of Christ.”

(a)  

_________ (__): speak or write in detail about.

(a)  

In a letter of ____ addressed to _______ of _______, Innocent II expatiated on the insignificance of the crusader’s sacrifice when compared to that of Christ, writing: “You receive a ____ and ______ _____; he bore one that was sharp and hard.”

(a)  

In a letter of ____ addressed to Leopold of Austria, ________ __ expatiated on the insignificance of the crusader’s sacrifice when compared to that of Christ, writing: “You receive a ____ and ______ cross; he bore one that was _____ and ____.”

(a)  

There can be little doubt that the audiences addressed by _______s and ________s saw the expression of love for God in terms that were real to them, especially feudal ones. To the crusaders, Christ was a ____ and ____ despoiled of his __________ (inheritance) by the pagans.

(a)  

At the time of the crusades, the ties between vassals and their lords were regarded as being so _____ and held in so _________ a way that Marie de France immortalised them in her lai, ‘__________’, as the loving ____ of fidelity between ___ and ___.

(a)  

The image of the ____ ____ as Christ’s ___________—of which he had been, by the hands of the pagans, unjustly dispossessed—was used in one of the accounts of Urban II’s speech at ____mont in ________ ____, and often thereafter.

(a)  

Churchmen could portray the crusader’s ____ of ___ in terms that ___men could recognise as being _________ to their regard for _______ ________s.

(a)  

(a)   : comparable in certain respects, typically in a way which makes clearer the nature of the things compared.

The belief that crusading expressed ____ of one’s _________ as well as ____ of ___ dated from the First Crusade (____–__), which Urban II preached as a means of bringing ________l aid to the Christians in the east, oppressed or endangered by the Muslims.

(a)  

_______ of ___, in his account of the ______ at ________, laid emphasis on the supposed suffering of the _______ Christians by the hands of the Muslims, having Urban II suggest “it is charity to lay down ____s for friends.”

(a)  

Baldric of Dol, in his account of the sermon at Clermont, laid emphasis on the supposed suffering of the eastern Christians by the hands of the Muslims, having Urban II suggest “__ __ _______ __ ___ ____ _____ ___ ____nds.”

(a)  

Some theologians saw preachers’ references to love as one-dimensional, and not truly Christian. In his _________ (c.____), _____ _______ stressed that by _________, one must mean all mankind.

(a)  

In his Sentences (c.____), Peter Lombard challenged the crass assumptions of the crusaders regarding love with St. _________’s belief that it is more ________ to love _______ than to love ______s.

(a)  

Augustine had contended that violence was in fact __________, if its origin was in ____ and not in ______. If it held its origins in the former, violence became _______, imposed for the _______ of the offender.

(a)  

Augustine had contended that violence was in fact legitimate, if its origin was in ____ and not in ______. If it held its origins in the former, violence was not a ______ in search of _________, but a ____ that sought to correct the ______ of love.

(a)  

As Augustine contended that violence became _______ if its origin was in love, he recalled St. ____, in his _____ _______ to the ___________, delivering a sinner over to Satan for the destruction of his flesh, so that his soul might be saved.

(a)  

As Augustine contended that violence became justice if its origin was in ____, he recalled St. Paul, in his First Epistle to the Corinthians, delivering a sinner over to _____ for the ___________ of his _____, so that his ____ might be _____.

(a)  

St. ______ of _____ compiled the basic Augustinian texts on violence in c.____, bequeathing them to his successors as evidence that the church did not _________ but expressed ____ when she ______ed sin, and that wars could be benevolent in intention.

(a)  

In Ivo of Chartres’ ________, _____ chapters were devoted to the arguments, appropriated entirely from St. Augustine, that neighbourly ____ exhorted men to prevent their neighbours from doing ____, and that Christians could in fact ___ if they did not _________ those involved in wrongdoing.

(a)  

In his Panormia, ___ of ________ maintained that wars fought by true _________s were in fact acts of ____________, since their overarching aim was ____e.

(a)  

According to _____ _________, there are four models of crusade, proposed by ‘__________s’, ‘__________s’, ‘traditionalists’, and ‘pluralists’.

(a)  

According to _____ _________, there are four models of crusade, proposed by ‘generalists’, ‘popularists’, ‘______________s’, and ‘_________s’.

(a)  

According to Giles _________, the ‘generalist’ view of the crusades is that the original crusading movement developed gradually out of ___________ ______ on ‘____ ___’.

(a)  

According to _____ _________, the ‘popularist’ view of the crusades is that the original crusading movement developed out of _______ _____.

(a)  

According to Giles _________, the ‘traditionalist’ view of the crusades is that the ____ __ _________—and ______ ____—makes a crusade.

(a)  

According to Giles _________, the ‘pluralist’ view of the crusades is that _____ _________ and _____ ___ make a crusade.

(a)  

Giles Constable has regarded historian ____ _______ as a ‘__________’ (viewing the crusades as having developed gradually out of theological debate on ‘____ war’), and historian Jonathan Riley-Smith as a ‘_________’ (viewing papal authority and canon law as the essential components of a crusade).

(a)  

The First Crusade (____–__) was called by Pope _____ __, and was aimed at ________ and _________.

(a)  

The Second Crusade (____–__) was called by Pope ______ ___, and was aimed at ______.

(a)  

The Third Crusade (____–__) was called by Pope _______ ____, and was aimed at _________.

(a)  

The Fourth Crusade (____–__) was called by Pope ________ ___, and was aimed at _________, though it was derailed to __________nople.

(a)  

St. Augustine (___–___) often wrote of ‘____ ___’, stating that, to be considered ‘____’, a war needed a ____ _____, legitimate _______ty, and to be waged defensively or in order to restore a possession.

(a)  

The innovation by which ‘just war’ became ‘____ war’ was largely a _____ one. Pope ___ __ (___–__) promised warriors _________ if they fought against _____m invaders.

(a)  

(a)   : unqualified; absolute.

The innovation by which ‘just war’ became ‘holy war’ was largely a Latin one. Pope ____ ____ (___–__) offered _______ __________s to those fighting the Muslims that threatened the city of ____.

(a)  

Jonathan Riley-Smith, a ‘_________’, has argued that crusading was born out of ___________ _______s that configured punishment not as an act of ______, but as one of ___e.

(a)  

As St. Paul had immolated a man’s body in order to ____ his ____, the _____ considered crusading as an act of ____ not only towards one’s neighbours and Christ (who was becoming increasingly characterised as a feudal lord), but towards the _______s, for whose _________ the Latins strove.

(a)  

As crusading was considered to be an act of love even towards the _______s (along the lines of St. ____’s immolation of a sinner so that his soul would be saved), crusades like those headed by _____ the ______ often began with ________s of the ___s.

(a)  

(a)   : a person impassioned about a particular cause.

In _____ ____, a firebrand preacher known as _____ the ______ set out to the Holy Land with a band of crusaders. As they passed through _______ and other cities of the ________d, they carried out brutal massacres of the Jews.

(a)  

On ____ _th ____, another massacre occurred as the crusaders who had arrived at Jerusalem processed around the city’s ____s, meditating on the manner in which the ____s of _______ had fallen before ______, who had then proceeded to massacre all of the inhabitants—and even the ___tle—of the city.

(a)  

The week after the procession that took place on ____ _th ____, Jerusalem fell to the crusaders, who then massacred the entirety of its population. In this, they were quite sure of themselves, for the _______ governor had ________ all of the kingdom’s _________s beforehand to prevent any form of betrayal.

(a)  

Crusade was also perceived as an act of __________. In the ________ century, it had become more common to go on __________, preferably to _________, in order to expiate great sins.

(a)  

In ____, _______ ___ (____–__) proposed a campaign to save the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem from the _______s. This, the pontiff proclaimed, would also double as a _______age.

(a)  

In ________ ____, at the council of ________, Urban II stated that hominum multitudo cruce signata est (‘a multitude of men was marked by the cross’). This ______ was likely introduced as an acknowledgement of the crusade as a form of __________.

(a)  

In November ____, at the council of Clermont, Urban II stated that _______ _________ _____ _______ ___ (‘a multitude of men was marked by the cross’). This ritual was likely introduced as an acknowledgement of the crusade as a form of pilgrimage.

(a)  

Crusade was also perceived as an act of __________ as it imitated Christ’s final entry into the city, where he suffered death for the salvation of mankind. Thus, the __________ to Jerusalem—especially one made in the name of the cross, and accompanied by great hardship—was also an imitation of Christ (________ _______).

(a)  

By the proclamation of the First Crusade, pilgrimage was becoming increasingly difficult. In ____–__, a host of between _,___ and __,___ ______s attempted travel to Jerusalem, but were harassed by _______s and ____s once they crossed the Byzantine-Muslim border.

(a)  

By the proclamation of the First Crusade (____–__), pilgrimage was becoming increasingly difficult. Muslims had become the majority in _____, _____, and the ______. As a result, the prospects of Christian pilgrimage through that region deteriorated rapidly, and the ________ Christians supplicated the Greeks and Latins to bring them ___.

(a)  

Another reason that the Latins departed on crusade was to ___ the _____s. In ____, Emperor Alexios Komnenos (____–____) asked Urban II to enlist his people in aid of his campaigns against the Seljuq Turks, who had crushed the Byzantine forces at the Battle of _________ in ____, leading to the Seljuq conquest and settlement of Anatolia.

(a)  

Another reason that the Latins departed on crusade was to aid the Greeks. In 1095, Emperor _______ ________ (1081–1118) asked Urban II to enlist his people in aid of his campaigns against the ______ Turks, who had crushed the Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, leading to the ______ conquest and settlement of ________.

(a)  

By the mid-________ century, legend had it that Charlemagne himself had headed a crusade to the east, first to save ______________, and then to save _________ from the ____s.

(a)  

One account of Urban II’s speech at Clermont in ________ ____ also evokes ___________’s ______ _______ as an example to be followed by the French people.

(a)  

The reward that Charlemagne was rumoured to have obtained from his crusade was the _____s of ______. In the ________ century, the crusaders thus began to view crusade as an opportunity to behold these _____s themselves, as well as the holy sites mentioned in the _______ and the ____e.

(a)  

Many crusaders ascribed a ________ power to the _____s of Christ, believing that through them they would near their own _________. Thus, they wanted to return home with the _____s, and many did send portions of _____s back to Latin Christendom.

(a)  

Many crusaders sent portions of relics back to Latin Christendom. ______ of _______, bishop of __________, famously returned with a great portion of the Byzantine imperial ________ after the sacking of Constantinople in ____.

(a)  

Louis IX (____–__), who participated in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, had the Sainte-Chapelle built in Paris as a reliquary in which he could store the Crown of Thorns, which Emperor _______ __ of ______________ had pawned for him.

(a)  

Importantly, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris was modelled on ___________’s ____________, in which he had supposedly stored the _____s he had gathered from _________ and the east.

(a)  

The most famous crusading relic of all was the Holy Lance of _______, found by _____ ___________, a ____, during the second siege of the principality in ____ ____, just after the crusaders captured the city from the Seljuq Turks.

(a)  

Though ________ crusaders were sceptical, their ________ counterparts felt strongly about the Holy Lance of _______, purported to be the very lance that had _______ ______’s side during the crucifixion.

(a)  

Importantly, Peter Bartholomew’s finding of the ____ _____ of Antioch, during the second siege of the ____________ in ____ ____, reinvigorated the crusaders’ morale and allowed them to thwart the ______ onslaught.

(a)  

In _____ ____, Peter Bartholomew was forced to undergo the ordeal of ____ing ______ ____ as proof that he was not lying about the Holy Lance of Antioch. Wounded in the process, he soon died, and the lance passed into the possession of _______ __ of Toulouse.

(a)  

The First Crusade began on ________ __th ____ at the council of Clermont, where Urban II exhorted the French to aid the ailing _________ ______ against its ______ assailants, and to liberate the Holy Sepulchre and the lands of Christ in the east.

(a)  

The First Crusade began on ________ __th ____ at the council of Clermont, where Urban II exhorted the French to aid the ailing Byzantine Empire against its Seljuq assailants, and to liberate the ____ _________ and the lands of ______ in the east.

(a)  

The People’s Crusade was headed by _____ the ______, and set out for the Holy Land in _____ ____. The Lords’ Crusade comprised _____, separate crusader armies, and set out for the Holy Land in ______ 10__.

(a)  

The Lords’ Crusade was headed by seven, separate leaders, the most prominent of whom were ________ of _______ (a Norman from southern Italy), _______ of ________ (a Lotharingian duke), and ______d IV of Toulouse.

(a)  

The seven armies of the Lords’ Crusade comprised some _,___–__,___ ______s, 35,000–50,000 footsoldiers, and ________s of ___-_______nts. The final estimate therefore lies at some 60,000–100,000 men.

(a)  

The seven armies of the Lords’ Crusade comprised some 7,000–10,000 knights, __,___–__,___ ___________s, and thousands of non-combatants. The final estimate therefore lies at some __,___–___,___ men.

(a)  

As a result of the First Crusade, four crusader states, often regarded collectively as ‘Outremer’, were formed: the ______ of Edessa (f. ____), the principality of Antioch (f. ____), the _______ of Jerusalem (f. ____), and the county of Tripoli (f. ____).

(a)  

As a result of the First Crusade, four crusader states, often regarded collectively as ‘Outremer’, were formed: the ______ of ______ (f. 1098), the ____________ of _______ (f. 1098), the kingdom of Jerusalem (f. 1099), and the ______ of _______ (f. 1109).

(a)  

In the aftermath of the First Crusade (____–__), _________ was restored from an entirely beleaguered region on the brink of ________, to its former _____.

(a)  

In the aftermath of the First Crusade, both the _____s and the _____s became increasingly concerned with preserving ________. Thus, the following crusades were proclaimed more out of a need to preserve the ________ _____s in the face of ___im threats.

(a)  

In ____, the first ________ ___ was ______, and became precedent in _______ and ______ for many more. As well as being used to fund crusades, crusading taxes were used to send monetary aid to Outremer.

(a)  

The casualties of the First Crusade (____–__) have been estimated at __%. Thus, crusading was a ____ ___________.

(a)  

For the ______ ________, the _________ toll of crusade posed a colossal threat, often imperilling the entirety of their __________ (inheritance).

(a)  

Pre-eminent historian Jonathan Riley-Smith has estimated that the ____s of crusade were in the vicinity of ____ ____s the ______ ______ of a ______.

(a)  

The notion that crusaders took their vow in an attempt to ______ ______ is an old-fashioned and in many ways ________ view. Almost all crusaders returned home without any ‘____’, and though some _______ crusaders undertook ____ing ventures as part of the campaigns, these were a minority.

(a)  

For a long time, it was a trend among historians to view the _______ of ______ as one of the reasons for which Latins went on crusade. This derives from ________ of _______’s rallying cry at the battle of ________m, recorded in the Gesta Francorum.

(a)  

The Gesta Francorum records Bohemond of Taranto’s rallying cry at the battle of Dorylaeum on ____ _st 10__ as promising his crusaders that “___ ____ ___ ____ ____ _______.”

(a)  

Bohemond of Taranto’s rallying cry at the battle of Dorylaeum, as recorded in the Gesta Francorum:

“_____, ______ ___, you will ___ ____ ____ _______.”

(a)  

The crusade _______s—or the _____ documents written by or for crusaders on the point of _________—unanimously portray ________ as the primary motive underlying the First Crusade (____–__).

(a)