"Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at King's College, Cambridge..." Từ "professor" có nghĩa là gì?

"Alan Macfarlane, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma." Từ "historians" có nghĩa là gì?

"Alan Macfarlane has spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution." Cụm từ "wrestling with" có nghĩa là gì?

"Alan Macfarlane has spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution." Từ "enigma" có nghĩa là gì?

"Why did this particular Big Bang – the world-changing birth of industry-happen in Britain?" Cụm từ "the world-changing birth" có nghĩa là gì?

"Why did this particular Big Bang – the world-changing birth of industry-happen in Britain?" Từ "industry" có nghĩa là gì?

"And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?" Từ "strike" trong ngữ cảnh này có nghĩa là gì?

"Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock." Từ "puzzle" có nghĩa là gì?

"Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock." Cụm từ "a combination lock" có nghĩa là gì?

"There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen." Từ "factors" có nghĩa là gì?

"For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories." Cụm từ "take off" có nghĩa là gì?

"Large urban populations to provide cheap labour." Cụm từ "cheap labour" có nghĩa là gì?

"An affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects." Từ "affluent" có nghĩa là gì?

"An affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects." Cụm từ "mass-produced objects" có nghĩa là gì?

"A market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen." Cụm từ "a market-driven economy" có nghĩa là gì?

"A market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen." Cụm từ "a political system" có nghĩa là gì?

"Other nations also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising." Từ "criteria" có nghĩa là gì?

"Other nations also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising." Từ "industrialising" có nghĩa là gì?

"All these factors must have been necessary. But not sufficient to cause the revolution." Từ "sufficient" có nghĩa là gì?

"The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard." Cụm từ "The missing factors" có nghĩa là gì?

"The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard." Từ "proposes" có nghĩa là gì?

"The missing factors are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard." Cụm từ "kitchen cupboard" có nghĩa là gì?

"Tea and beer, two of the nation's favourite drinks, fuelled the revolution." Từ "fuelled" có nghĩa là gì?

"The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea." Cụm từ "antiseptic properties" có nghĩa là gì?

"The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea." Cụm từ "active ingredient" có nghĩa là gì?

"The antiseptic properties allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters." Từ "flourish" có nghĩa là gì?

"The antiseptic properties allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters." Cụm từ "close quarters" có nghĩa là gì?

"The antiseptic properties allowed urban communities to flourish without succumbing to water-borne diseases." Cụm từ "succumbing to" có nghĩa là gì?

"The antiseptic properties allowed urban communities to flourish without succumbing to water-borne diseases." Cụm từ "water-borne diseases" có nghĩa là gì?

"Water-borne diseases such as dysentery." Từ "dysentery" có nghĩa là gì?

"The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain..." Từ "eccentric" có nghĩa là gì?

"Once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction." Cụm từ "detective work" có nghĩa là gì?

"Once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction." Từ "deduction" có nghĩa là gì?

"The scepticism gives way to wary admiration." Từ "scepticism" có nghĩa là gì?

"The scepticism gives way to wary admiration." Cụm từ "wary admiration" có nghĩa là gì?

"Macfarlane's case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters." Cụm từ "notable quarters" có nghĩa là gì?

"Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal." Cụm từ "the distinguished medical historian" có nghĩa là gì?

"Roy Porter recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research." Cụm từ "a favourable appraisal" có nghĩa là gì?

"Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about." Cụm từ "came about" có nghĩa là gì?

"Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century." Cụm từ "alighted on" có nghĩa là gì?

"Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static." Từ "static" có nghĩa là gì?

"But then there was a burst in population growth." Cụm từ "a burst in" có nghĩa là gì?

"The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years." Cụm từ "infant mortality rate" có nghĩa là gì?

"The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years." Từ "halved" có nghĩa là gì?

"This happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes." Cụm từ "all classes" có nghĩa là gì?

"Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around?" Từ "bacteria" có nghĩa là gì?

"Was there a revolution in medical science?" Cụm từ "medical science" có nghĩa là gì?

"Was there a change in environmental conditions?" Cụm từ "environmental conditions" có nghĩa là gì?

"There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria." Cụm từ "wiped out malaria" có nghĩa là gì?

"Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century." Từ "sanitation" có nghĩa là gì?

"The height and weight statistics show a decline." Cụm từ "height and weight statistics" có nghĩa là gì?

"The height and weight statistics show a decline." Cụm từ "a decline" có nghĩa là gì?

"Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank." Cụm từ "draw a blank" có nghĩa là gì?

"This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time." Cụm từ "population burst" có nghĩa là gì?

"This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution." Từ "labour" có nghĩa là gì?

"When you start moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together." Cụm từ "economically efficient" có nghĩa là gì?

"But then you get disease, particularly from human waste." Cụm từ "human waste" có nghĩa là gì?

"Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change." Cụm từ "digging around" có nghĩa là gì?

"Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change." Cụm từ "historical records" có nghĩa là gì?

"There was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time." Cụm từ "the incidence" có nghĩa là gì?

"There was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease." Cụm từ "water-borne disease" có nghĩa là gì?

"There was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease, especially dysentery." Từ "dysentery" có nghĩa là gì?

"Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important." Từ "deduced" có nghĩa là gì?

"Whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease." Cụm từ "regulating disease" có nghĩa là gì?

"The English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops." Cụm từ "antibacterial agent" có nghĩa là gì?

"The English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops." Từ "hops" có nghĩa là gì?

"In the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt." Cụm từ "a tax" có nghĩa là gì?

"A tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer." Từ "malt" có nghĩa là gì?

"A tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer." Từ "ingredient" có nghĩa là gì?

"The poor turned to water and gin." Cụm từ "turned to" có nghĩa là gì?

"In the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again." Cụm từ "the mortality rate" có nghĩa là gì?

"Japan also had no sanitation." Từ "sanitation" có nghĩa là gì?

"Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population." Cụm từ "water-borne diseases" có nghĩa là gì?

"Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population." Cụm từ "a much looser grip on" có nghĩa là gì?

"Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture?" Cụm từ "the prevalence" có nghĩa là gì?

"The history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates." Cụm từ "an extraordinary coincidence" có nghĩa là gì?

"Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China." Cụm từ "a direct clipper trade with" có nghĩa là gì?

"By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping." Cụm từ "infant mortality" có nghĩa là gì?

"By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping." Từ "dipping" có nghĩa là gì?

"The stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier." Cụm từ "stomach-purifying properties" có nghĩa là gì?

"The stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier." Cụm từ "breast milk" có nghĩa là gì?

"No other European nation sipped tea like the British." Cụm từ "sipped tea" có nghĩa là gì?

"Which, by Macfarlane's logic, pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution." Từ "contention" có nghĩa là gì?

"Why didn't Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own?" Cụm từ "forge ahead" có nghĩa là gì?

"Why didn't Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own?" Cụm từ "a tea-soaked industrial revolution" có nghĩa là gì?

"Even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates." Cụm từ "high literacy rates" có nghĩa là gì?

"Even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market." Cụm từ "a futures market" có nghĩa là gì?

"It had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution." Cụm từ "turned its back on" có nghĩa là gì?

"It had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices." Cụm từ "labour-saving devices" có nghĩa là gì?

"So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced." Cụm từ "the most technologically advanced" có nghĩa là gì?

"The nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having abandoned the wheel." Cụm từ "abandoned the wheel" có nghĩa là gì?