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WorksheetsSpring Final Exam Review
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 41mins
What is the process of copying DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) called?
Transcription
Translation
Replication
Translocation
Which enzyme builds the mRNA strand during transcription?
RNA polymerase
DNA ligase
Helicase
DNA polymerase
What are the free RNA nucleotides used in transcription?
A, U, C, G
A, T, C, G
A, U, T, G
A, T, C, U
What is the process called where mRNA is read by a ribosome to assemble a protein?
Translation
Replication
Transcription
Mutation
Which molecules are involved in translation?
mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomes, and amino acids
DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase, and nucleotides
Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids
Insulin, glucagon, and adrenaline
What is the amino acid sequence for the mRNA sequence AUG GUA CCU?
Methionine–Valine–Proline
Methionine–Glycine–Leucine
Valine–Methionine–Proline
Leucine–Valine–Methionine
What is the function of histone proteins?
Histone proteins help package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
Histone proteins synthesize DNA during replication.
Histone proteins break down RNA molecules in the cytoplasm.
Histone proteins transport amino acids across cell membranes.
What are telomeres?
Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes; they shorten as cells divide.
Telomeres are enzymes that repair DNA damage in the nucleus.
Telomeres are proteins that help in cell signaling pathways.
Telomeres are organelles responsible for energy production in cells.
What is the region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids attach called?
Centromere
Telomere
Chromatid
Nucleolus
Each half of a duplicated chromosome is called a ________.
Sister chromatid
Centromere
Homologous chromosome
Gene
In the lac operon, what binds to the promoter to start transcription?
RNA Polymerase
Lactose
Repressor protein
DNA Ligase
In the lac operon, what binds to the operator to block transcription when lactose is absent?
Repressor Protein
RNA Polymerase
Lactose
Activator Protein
In the lac operon, what must be present to remove the repressor so the genes for lactose can be transcribed?
Lactose
Glucose
Sucrose
Fructose
What are Transcription Factors?
Proteins that bind to DNA near a gene to help RNA polymerase begin transcription; they regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Enzymes that break down RNA molecules during translation.
Lipids that store genetic information in the cell nucleus.
Carbohydrates that provide energy for DNA replication.
Which of the following is NOT a step in mRNA Processing? Choose the correct option.
A) Introns are removed
B) Exons are joined together
C) DNA is replicated
D) A 5’ cap and a poly-A tail are added to stabilize mRNA
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
The flow of genetic information in cells: DNA → RNA → Protein. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein.
Proteins are directly converted into DNA, which is then transcribed into RNA.
RNA is translated into DNA, which is then transcribed into protein.
DNA is translated directly into protein without any intermediate steps.
Define Point Mutation.
One nucleotide is changed (e.g., A to G).
A segment of DNA is deleted.
A chromosome is duplicated.
A gene is transferred from one organism to another.
What is a Frameshift Mutation?
Addition or deletion of a nucleotide that shifts the reading frame.
A mutation that changes a purine to a pyrimidine.
A mutation that results in a silent codon.
A mutation that only affects non-coding regions.
Gene Duplication is:
A section of DNA is copied, possibly leading to new gene functions.
A process where genes are deleted from the genome.
A mutation that always results in harmful effects.
A mechanism that only occurs in plants.
Translocation in genetics refers to:
A chromosome segment moves to a different chromosome, possibly disrupting gene function.
A gene is duplicated within the same chromosome.
A segment of DNA is deleted from a chromosome.
A chromosome segment is inverted within the same chromosome.
What are Mutagens?
Physical or chemical agents (like UV radiation or cigarette smoke) that cause mutations in DNA.
Enzymes that repair DNA damage.
Proteins that regulate cell division.
Nutrients required for DNA synthesis.
Homologous structures have the same structure but different function and indicate common ancestry.
True
False
What is an example of a vestigial structure in humans?
Human appendix
Heart
Liver
Lungs
Homologous structures show that two organisms share a common ancestor, even if they have different functions now.
True
False
Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Peppered moth color change during the Industrial Revolution
Beak changes in Galapagos finches depending on food sources
All of the above
Convergent evolution is when different species evolve similar traits due to similar environments.
True
False
Variation is ________.
any difference among individuals
the process of cell division
a type of mutation
the result of natural selection
Adaptation is a beneficial variation that improves survival and reproduction.
True
False
Fossils can be formed by which of the following processes?
Sedimentation
Freezing
Tar pits
Amber
All of the above
Give two examples of fossils.
Bones, shells, leaf imprints, insects in amber (any two)
Plastic bottles, glass jars
Paper, cardboard
Rubber bands, erasers
According to Darwin’s observations, what is overproduction?
More offspring than can survive
Offspring that are identical to parents
Fewer offspring than can survive
Offspring that are all different species
According to Darwin’s observations, individuals differ in ________.
traits
age
location
height
________ occurs when populations are reproductively isolated (geographically, behaviorally, or physically), eventually forming new species.
Speciation
Mutation
Adaptation
Extinction
Which of the following describes Genetic Drift?
Movement of alleles between populations, increasing genetic diversity.
Random changes in allele frequency, often in small populations.
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Species with more similar genetic sequences share a more recent common ancestor.
Gene Flow: Movement of ________ between populations, increasing genetic diversity.
alleles
cells
organs
chromosomes
Biological Fitness: Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment; more offspring = more ________.
fit
food
energy
shelter
Species with more similar genetic sequences share a more recent common ancestor, helping build ________ trees.
evolutionary
nutritional
seasonal
behavioral
Which type of feedback enhances a process?
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Neutral Feedback
No Feedback
Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a stable internal environment (e.g., temperature, pH, blood pressure) is called ________.
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Osmosis
Photosynthesis
What do all cells have?
DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall
Cell wall, large vacuole, plastids, flagella
Capsule, pili, plasmid, endospore
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus; eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells have no organelles; prokaryotic cells have many organelles.
What are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy called?
Enzymes
Hormones
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
What can heat, pH, or chemicals do to proteins, making them nonfunctional?
Denature them
Hydrate them
Replicate them
Phosphorylate them
Lock and Key Model: What does the enzyme represent in the lock and key model?
Key
Lock
Active Site
Lock and Key Model: What does the substrate represent in the lock and key model?
Key
Lock
Active Site
Lock and Key Model: The active site is the place where the substrate fits and the reaction occurs.
True
False
Bacteria are ______-celled prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fission.
single
multi
double
triple
Viruses are non-living infectious particles that reproduce by injecting ______ material into host cells.
genetic
protein
lipid
carbohydrate
Compare Bacteria and Viruses: Which of the following is true?
Bacteria are non-living, treated with antivirals.
Viruses are living, treated with antibiotics.
Bacteria are living, treated with antibiotics.
Viruses are living, treated with antibiotics.
Bacterial Evolution & Resistance: Overuse of antibiotics selects for ______ strains that multiply and spread.
resistant
sensitive
inactive
benign
Viral Evolution & Vaccines: Viruses mutate quickly, making vaccines less effective over time.
True
False
Overpopulation: Too many people leads to overuse of resources like water, food, and space.
True
False
Biodiversity: Fill in the blank. More biodiversity means more ______ ecosystems.
stable
fragile
polluted
isolated
Name one example of human impact on the environment mentioned in the worksheet.
Deforestation or Pollution (air, water)
Photosynthesis by plants
Natural disasters like earthquakes
Formation of mountains
Which of the following is NOT an impact of deforestation?
A) Habitat destruction
B) Increased greenhouse gases
C) Soil erosion and loss of nutrients
D) Decreased oxygen production
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Gases like CO₂ trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.
CO₂ dissolves in oceans forming carbonic acid.
Total emissions from individual activities.
Habitat destruction due to deforestation.
Fill in the blank: Ocean acidification occurs when ______ dissolves in oceans forming carbonic acid, harming marine life like coral and shellfish.
CO₂
O₂
N₂
CH₄
What does the term 'Carbon Footprint' refer to?
Total emissions from individual activities (driving, electricity, meat consumption); lowering it helps fight climate change.
The amount of carbon found in soil.
A type of shoe print left on carbon surfaces.
A measurement of plant growth in carbon-rich environments.
Meeting human needs in ways that will allow future generations to meet their needs as well is called _________________
photosynthesis
sustainability
recycling
deforestation
During which process do trees remove carbon dioxide from the air?
deforestation
respiration
photosynthesis
pollution
Carrying capacity refers to the largest ________ an environment can support.
habitat
population
ecosystem
organisms
An increased concentration of __________ in the atmosphere can lead to climate changes around the world.
air
oxygen
carbon dioxide
clouds
What is the main reason for water scarcity in some places?
Pumping groundwater faster than it can be replenished
Lack of rainfall and snowmelt
Poor water management
Climate change
Long term pattern of weather in a particular area.
climate
weather
Which of the following Human activities increases Greenhouse gases? Choose all that apply
fossil fuel combustion
deforestation
methane
ozone
CFCs
Global climate change is
increased temperatures all around the globe
climates that experience severe weather or drought
Only increased GHG
all of the above
The tiny air pollution particles we inhale can cross over into our bloodstream.
True
False
What is the greenhouse effect?
When you paint your house green and it makes the sky a different color.
The way greenhouse gases reflect heat energy from the sun, cooling the atmosphere.
The way greenhouse gases trap and hold heat, warming the Earth and atmosphere.
When buildings become dirty from soot.
Which of these is a good way to reduce your air pollution footprint?
walking on the left side of the pavement
turning off lights and electric appliances when they are not in use
tipping your server after ordering a complicated meal
tossing paper in the rubbish if they recycling bin is farther away
Who is affected by air pollution?
Air pollution only affects the very young or people who are already ill.
Only people who work in the city center, where there is lots of traffic, are affected by air pollution.
Everyone can be affected by air pollution, but it has the most impact on young children, the elderly and people with existing lung or heart conditions.
How is water pollution harming wildlife?
Causing eutrophication
Increasing ocean acidity
Introducing microplastics
All of the above
Most plastics we generate ends up in ____.
the great pacific garbage patch
landfills only
our local watershed
landfills, and flowing through the sea
You can do all of the following to reduce the amount of microplastics EXCEPT.
reduce, reuse, recycle
check labels on products
don't use solar panels
participate in beach cleanup
The _____________ the human population, the ______________ the amount of resources being used.
least, least
greater, least
least, greater
greater, greater
Humans have the greatest impact on the amounts of Earth’s natural resources available to use.
True
False
