A study is conducted to determine the efficacy of influenza vaccine. Subjects agree to participate for two years. During the first year, subjects are randomly assigned to be injected with either an inert substance (a placebo) or the active vaccine. During the second year, each subject who previously received the placebo is given the active vaccine, and each subject who previously received the active vaccine is given the placebo. Each subject serves as his or her own control. All incident cases of influenza are recorded, and the occurrence of influenza when unvaccinated is compared with the occurrence when unvaccinated. The appropriate test of significance for this study is the:

The lifestyle of an individual aimed at preventing diseases and promoting health is:

The population of city V. in the reporting year was 100 thousand people. Including: children aged 0 to 14 – 18 160, persons over 50 years old – 32 000. Determine the type of age structure of the population of city V.

The transmission factor of the pathogen in viral hepatitis B:

At the clinic, at the reception, the doctor suspected bubonic plague in the patient, who lives in the zone of the natural plague outbreak and was engaged in hunting tarbagans. The patient lives in a private house. There are 4 people in the family – they all live together. Choose an event for the patient:

There is a boy in the perinatal center, 3 days old. According to his mother, the pregnancy proceeded smoothly. From the neurosonogram data: an increase in the lateral and third ventricles of the brain, which indicates difficulty in the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle. Name the communication channel between the III and IV ventricles.

In a human embryo of 6-8 weeks of development, the spinal ganglia are represented by very large pseudounipolar neurons with processes, surrounded by oligodendroglia. Name the source of development of the spinal nodes:

A patient with a traumatic brain injury was found to have hemorrhage due to damage to the pia mater. Name the source of development of the pia mater:

A 36 year old patient during operations, thyroid resection, had a respiratory disorder, and hoarseness of voice appeared. Which nerve was damaged during the operation?

In purulent-inflammatory diseases of the middle ear, in the absence of medical care, the purulent process can spread into the pharynx. Through what anatomical formation will the purulent process pass from the tympanic cavity into the pharynx?

With severe crying (lacrimation), due to the presence of anatomical communication between the eye socket and the nasal cavity, transparent nasal discharge appears. What anatomical formation connects the eye socket and the nasal cavity?

During the examination of the heart, the doctor found a deterioration of venous blood flow in the pool of the coronary sinus of the heart. Where is the coronary sinus of the heart located?

The patient suffers from allergic rhinitis. Exacerbations occur annually in July-August. What is the mechanism of development of this disease?

On the basis of the patient's brain, an extensive pituitary tumor was diagnosed, which compressed the arteries forming a closed arterial ring. Which major artery is involved in the formation of this ring?

A patient has been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during an examination. Which immune cells are damaged by HIV?

A patient with a closed comminuted fracture of the 1st rib with displacement turned to the trauma center, as a result of which a large artery located in the spatium interscalenum was injured. Which artery passes through the spatium interscalenum?

Which artery supplies blood to the thoracic esophagus?

The patient was diagnosed with an ECG infarction of the anterior wall of the left ventricle of the heart. Which artery is affected?

Which branch of the artery is the common hepatic artery?

Which artery supplies blood to the spleen?

Branches of which arteries supply blood to the rectum?

Branches of which artery supply blood to the prostate gland?

As a result of an occupational injury, the victim received a cut wound to the first finger of the hand, resulting in damage to the artery located in the anatomical snuffbox. Which artery was damaged?

Define the type of hypersensitivity in this pathology.

What is this artery?

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

In which is the deepest sinus of the pleural cavity possible for its accumulation?

Which organ is located in front of the esophagus according to its syntopy?

When probing the duodenum, the doctor could not penetrate from the stomach into the cavity of the duodenum due to the tumor. In which part of the stomach is the tumor localized?

From which salivary glands will saliva be difficult to secrete?

In what part of the stomach is the tumor located?

What anatomical formations are located in the sinus of the kidney?

A patient has follicular sore throat. Which immunoglobulin is habitually the first to be activated in the immune response to an antigen, and activates complement?

When examining a newborn boy immediately after birth in the perinatal center, there are no skin covers below the navel, the mucous membrane of the bladder is determined, moderately hyperemic, the mouths of the ureters are visualized. What is located in front of the bladder according to its syntopia?

As a result of injury to the pubic bones of the pelvis, the victim suffered a displacement in the symphysis area. Which internal organ function may be impaired with this injury?

Upon examination by a pediatrician of a newborn boy after childbirth, the absence of a testicle on the right (monarchism) was found. Specify in which month of the intrauterine period does the testicle descend?

A 30 year old man was diagnosed with infertility. The examination revealed a violation of sperm formation. Name the structures of the testicle where sperm formation occurs.

A girl was admitted to the clinic at the age of 9 months, in whose anamnesis an abnormality of uterine development was diagnosed in utero-a two-horned uterus. Name the parts of the uterus.

A 15-year-old girl was brought to the gynecologist. Upon examination, the gynecologist suspected the presence of a cervical tumor. Through which organ is it necessary to palpate the uterus in a girl, taking into account the syntopy of the pelvic organs?

A 6 year old girl showed signs of premature puberty. Which endocrine gland is affected by this pathology?

A 9 month old girl with frequent colds was diagnosed with congenital thymomegaly during examination. Where is the thymus gland located?

A mother turned to the doctor, whose son grew by 18 cm over the summer. When examining a 12-year-old boy: height 180 cm, weight 68 kg. Which endocrine gland is it associated with?

At what age do children experience a 'physiological dip' in IgG levels that causes hypersensitivity to infections?

The patient presented in July with complaints of a runny nose, lacrimation, and cough. Body temperature is normal. These phenomena are seasonal. Specify the cells and mediator that determines this patient’s reaction:

Patient B., 39 years old, who has not been able to get pregnant for 8 years, was advised to consult an endocrinologist. During examination, the patient was found to have exophthalmos, hand tremor, and tachycardia. Disease of the following endocrine gland is accompanied by the following symptoms:

During embryogenesis, the process of migration of neuroblasts from the ganglion plates was experimentally disrupted. How will this affect the structure of the adrenal glands:

In an animal experiment, the function of gonadotropocytes was disrupted. Name the organs in which pathological changes will first develop:

In histological sections of the ovary, structures that are similar in appearance to the corpus luteum are visible in its cortex. In the center of some there is a wrinkled zona pellucida, in the center of others there is a connecting scar. Determine these structures on a section of the ovary:

The source of embryonic development of follicles of the ovarian cortex are:

In the experiment, the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary gonadotropocytes was blocked. Write the changes that will occur in the ovary:

A preparation of a lobule of an organ of the male reproductive system is presented. The lobule consists of alveolar tubular glands, bundles of smooth muscle cells and loose fibrous connective tissue. Determine which organ this description corresponds to:

In the experiment, the gonocytes in the wall of the yolk sac were destroyed in the embryo. Name the disorders that will occur in the reproductive system:

In the experiment, the process of cell movement through the primitive streak was blocked in an embryo at the gastrula stage. Name the violations that will occur:

Patient A., 15 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of severe itching and skin rashes in the area between the fingers and wrists. Diagnosed with scabies. This disease is caused by the scabies mite, which lives and reproduces on human skin. This parasite lives inside the epidermis. The epidermis is represented by:

When examining patient E., 18 years old, there was a lack of pigmentation on the hands, in the form of clear spots of white (with a milky tint) color with clear boundaries. Diagnosed with vitiligo. The causes of vitiligo are a lack of production of keratinocytes and melanocytes, as a result of which depigmentation develops and progresses. Embryonic origin of skin melanocytes:

Upon examination of patient P., 28 years old, a lack of pigmentation on the face was discovered in the form of clear spots of white (with a milky tint) color with clear boundaries. Diagnosed with vitiligo. The causes of vitiligo are a lack of production of keratinocytes and melanocytes, as a result of which depigmentation develops and progresses. Embryonic origin of keratinocytes:

Patient Z., 24 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of severe itching and skin rashes in the area between the fingers and wrists. Diagnosed with scabies. This disease is caused by the scabies mite, which lives and reproduces on human skin. This parasite lives inside the epidermis. Embryonic origin of the skin epidermis:

Patient R., 36 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of the appearance of small painful nodules under the skin in the axillary region on the right, which increased over several days. In this area the patient experiences pain and itching. A diagnosis was made: hidradenitis - inflammation of the axillary sweat glands. The type of secretion characteristic of these glands:

Patient T., 45 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of abdominal pain, blood and pus in the stool, diarrhea, false urge to defecate, weakness, and loss of appetite. A diagnosis was made: ulcerative colitis. During a colonoscopy of the patient, it was found that ulcers appeared on the mucous membrane of the large intestine. Type of epithelium covering the mucous membrane of the large intestine:

Patient Z., 10 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of constipation and bloating. After examination, a diagnosis was made: Hirschsprung's disease. The cause of the disease is congenital underdevelopment of nerve nodes and nerve plexuses in the colon. The embryonic source of this disorder of intestinal tube development:

Patient H., 18 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of diarrhea, weakness, abdominal pain, blood in the stool, and lack of appetite. After examination, a diagnosis was made: Crohn's disease. This disease affects all deep layers of the digestive tract, including the muscular layer. The embryonic source of development of this shell:

Patient B., 9 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of pain in the joints and bones, weakness. After examination, a diagnosis was made: sickle cell anemia. This is an inherited blood disorder in which the red blood cells reduce oxygen transport and become sickle-shaped instead of the usual disc-shaped one. Preservation of the shape of the red blood cell is ensured by:

In a patient with reduced immunity, the results of the study of the lymph node identified several areas of damage to the organ. In order to clarify the diagnosis, it is necessary to determine where in the lymph node antigen-independent differentiation of T-lymphocytes occurs:

The student takes an exam where he needs to determine the type of hematopoiesis that may be affected by pathology of the red bone marrow. In the red bone marrow occurs:

In a patient with reduced immunity, the results of the study of the thymus and lymph node identified several affected areas. There is information about a difficult pregnancy in the patient’s mother. During the embryogenesis of organs, the thymus develops from:

Microscopic examination of the histological specimen revealed megakaryocytes in one of the hematopoietic organs. The presence of these cells is characteristic of the following hematopoietic organ and it is the source of the development of the following blood element:

The student must determine the histological specimen of the spleen during the histology exam. One of the distinguishing features may be the structure of the organ capsule. The splenic capsule consists of:

An immunological study revealed a decrease in the population of T-lymphocytes and hormones regulating their number. Antigen-independent differentiation of T lymphocytes occurs in the following organ of hematopoiesis and immunological defense:

A man with a pathology of the mucous membrane of the airways sought medical help. Determine the source of development of the epithelial lining of the bronchial mucosa:

During a study of a pregnant woman, there is a suspicion of abnormalities in the development of the germ layer - ectoderm. It is necessary to find out whether this could be the cause of pleural pathology in the future. The pleura develops from:

У новорожденного определена врожденная патология развития эпителия воздухопроводящих путей. Необходимо составить прогноз и план лечения пациента. Назовите источник регенерации мерцательного эпителия.

In the embryo, damage was detected in the cells of some germ layers. To exclude pathology from the nephron epithelium in the future, determine the source of their development:

A patient with pathology of the respiratory system was admitted to the hospital. To clarify the diagnosis, it is necessary to know the state of the cells that produce surfactant in the alveoli of the lung. Surfactant is produced:

A man with a pathology of the tracheal mucosa sought medical help. Determine the type of epithelial lining of the tracheal mucosa to determine the condition of the organ during bronchoscopy:

A patient with lung pathology is in the hospital. Additional imaging studies are ordered. Determine the structure from which the pulmonary acinus begins.

The fetus was diagnosed with functional insufficiency of myocardiocytes by ultrasound. This may be due to damage to the sources of myocardial development. Cardiac muscle tissue develops from:

The tissue contains individual round, light cells or their isogenic groups, and in the intercellular substance there is a network of thick fibers that are well stained brown with orcein. Determine the type of tissue.

It is known that one of the ways to develop bone tissue is indirect osteogenesis. Identify the cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium involved in the formation of the perichondral bone cuff during the development of tubular bones:

In case of brain injury, glial cells are activated, which have a different source of development in contrast to all other glial elements. Name these cells:

A patient who has had polio has atrophy of the muscles of the lower extremities. Identify the neurons of the spinal cord nuclei affected by the polio virus:

A man who suffered acute encephalitis (an inflammatory process in brain tissue) was diagnosed with optic nerve atrophy. Name the retinal cells whose axons form the optic nerve:

A 63-year-old woman who had previously received large doses of quinine during the treatment of malaria damaged the peripheral part of the auditory analyzer. Identify the cells of the inner ear whose damage is associated with this pathology:

An ultrasound examination of the fetus of a pregnant woman with diabetes mellitus revealed an anomaly in myocardial development. Name the embryonic source that was damaged:

A 53-year-old man was diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the pericardium. Determine the epithelium, the source of which is the development of the tumor:

A biopsy of the muscular lining of the heart was obtained from a patient with coronary heart disease during aortic bypass surgery. Name the signs on the basis of which working and conducting cardiomyocytes are differentiated:

With glucosuria, a 47-year-old woman was found to have sugar in her urine. Determine the section of the nephron that provides reabsorption, which was damaged in this case:

A longitudinal section of a human embryo reveals tubules that open at one end into the secondary body cavity, and at the other end are connected to each other, forming the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct. Name the stage of kidney development:

In a patient with dysplasia (underdevelopment) of the right testicle, there is an absence of derivative sex cords. Determine the structures that will be missing:

Which class of immunoglobulin has the ability to fixate on basophils and mast cells?