Which of the following is a direct method to measure osmolality?

Fill in the blank: The formula for calculated osmolality is _________.

Magnesium levels increase in which condition?

Magnesium levels decrease in all of the following EXCEPT:

Which analysis methods are used for magnesium?

Calcium combines with _______ in the bone.

Which hormone increases ionized Ca++?

Hypercalcemia can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

Which method measures ionized Ca++?

The majority of phosphate in the body is expressed as ________, and the lab only measures inorganic phosphorous PO4 only.

Phosphorous has an inverse relationship with which ion?

An increase in phosphorous levels can be caused by which of the following?

A decrease in phosphorous levels can be caused by ________ and impaired renal absorption.

Spectrophotometric methods for phosphorous analysis use ________ to combine with PO4 ions.

Over 65% of iron in the body is in the form of ________ for O2 transport.

Iron is transported in the body by which of the following?

Iron is stored in the body as ________ and hemosiderin.

Serum iron analysis should avoid ________.

Ferritin is used to assess ________ storage and lab assessment of iron.

What is the formula for the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, what should the ratio of [HCO3] to [H2CO3] be?

Urines with large amounts of porphyrins will show what color?

In the Watson-Schwartz test, porphobilinogen will react with Ehrlich's reagent to form what color?

The Jendrassik-Grof method uses which substance as an accelerator?

Direct bilirubin is also known as ______ and is ______ soluble.

Indirect bilirubin is also known as ______ and is ______ in water.

Which of the following can falsely increase bilirubin results in specimen collection?

In pre-hepatic jaundice (hemolytic anemia), increase in RBC destruction leads to increase in ______ bilirubin.

In hepatic jaundice (viral hepatitis, cirrhosis), what happens to unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin levels?

Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin cannot be metabolized properly, therefore they back-up into the ________.

What color may stool become due to a decrease in urobilinogen?

Which of the following is the gold standard for confirmation and screening in Toxicology/TDM?

How many half-lives does it take to reach a steady state for therapeutic monitoring?

Trough specimen is drawn immediately _______ the next dose.

Which aminoglycoside is less toxic to kidneys?

Toxic levels of _______ can result in aplastic anemia.

Lidocaine is measured using which laboratory methods?

Which of the following is NOT an anticonvulsant?

Name one use of lithium in medicine.

Theophylline is a type of:

Severe toxicity of theophylline can cause which of the following?

Which laboratory method is used for both lidocaine and theophylline?

Which of the following is most commonly associated with metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis?

What is the most common alcohol involved in acute poisoning?

Lead is classified under which type of acute poisoning?

Acetaminophen can cause liver damage due to accumulation of toxic metabolite after how many hours of ingestion?

Antidote for acetaminophen poisoning is most helpful if given within how many hours?

All NPNs (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia) are increased in the plasma in renal impairment. What is this condition called?

In cases of suspected renal impairment, what is the best lab evaluation?

What is the formula for creatinine clearance calculation?

What is the source of creatinine in the body?

Which substances can interfere with the Jaffe reaction for creatinine measurement?

BUN increases in impaired renal function and rises more rapidly than which other substance?

Which method is used for the colorimetric detection of urea?

What is the normal BUN/creatinine ratio?

Uric acid is the end product of which metabolism?

Increase in plasma ammonia is toxic to which system?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperammonemia?

What hormone stimulates the pituitary to release TSH?

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid to produce both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

In the tissues, T4 is converted to which physiologically active portion?

What percentage of T4 is bound to TBG, TBPA, and albumin?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following is associated with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

Test for total T4 can be performed using which of the following methods?

Free T4 is separated by ________ dialysis.

Direct T3 is measured by ________ or EIA.

Male sex hormones, secondary sexual characteristics are called ________.

Androgens are secreted by the ________, adrenals and ovaries.

Female sex hormones are called ________.

Estradiol is responsible for ________ sexual characteristic.

Which hormone increases in fetal development and monitors the integrity of the fetal placental unit?

Aldosterone is produced in the ________ cortex of the adrenal gland.

Which disease is associated with increased sodium, decreased potassium, and hypertension?

Addison's disease is associated with which of the following?

Fill in the blank: Decrease ACTH in damage to hypothalamus or pituitary, ______ ACTH in adrenal damage.

Cortisol is produced in the ______ cortex.

Which of the following is NOT a function of cortisol?

Cushing's syndrome is associated with:

Which hormone is produced in the adrenal medulla?

HVA is a metabolite of ______.

Metanephrines and VMA are metabolites of which hormone?

Neuroblastoma is a fatal tumor in ______.

Which assay is the best screen for pheochromocytoma?

Gastrin levels increase in which syndrome?