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WorksheetsMikrobiologija - pitanja
Total questions: 142
Worksheet time: 3hrs 21mins
Ako virusna čestica ima ikozaedarsku strukturu…
Nabrojite tri gram-negativne bakterije
E. Coli
Salmonella typhii
Bacillus
Koje metode možemo koristiti za provođenje procesa hladne sterilizacije?
Namakanje instrumenata u mikrobiocidnim tekućinama
Jonska zračenja
Zašto bakterije ulaze u stacionarnu fazu?
Zašto se prisutnost klorofila a smatra naprednom evolucijskom osobinom? Koje druge osobine smatramo evolucijskim?
Što su viroidi?
Što su mreB proteini?
Ako kažemo da je bakterija termofilna acidofilna, što to znači o njenim optimalnim uvjetima rasta?
Objasnite zašto virusi nisu osjetljivi na antibiotike?
What is a pure culture?
Što su antibiotici i kako nastaju?
Bakterijske spore
Koje organizme mogu inficirati viroidi?
Koji pojmovi predstavljaju virulencijske faktore?
Što je jedinica koja formira kolonije?
Ako pretpostavimo da se ATP proizvodi u glikolizi, čemu služi fermentacija?
Koje bakterije su indikatori fekalne kontaminacije?
Satelitna RNA
Navedi tri anaerobne i fakultativno anaerobne bakterije
E. Coli
Zelene i ljubičaste sumporne bakterije
Arheobakterije
Fakultativne anaerobne bakterije su organizmi koji mogu preživjeti i rasti u prisutnosti kisika (aerobni uvjeti), ali također mogu rasti u odsutnosti kisika (anaerobni uvjeti) koristeći fermentaciju ili druge anaerobne metaboličke puteve.
Navedi dijelove kolimetrije
Navedi dijelove kolimetrije i objasni ih? Prethodni, potvrđujući i konačni test. Prethodni test utvrđuje prisutnost laktoze pomoću bakterija koje fermentiraju laktozu na 35°C tijekom 24 do 48 sati, ako postoji laktoza, pH će pasti na 5.2, a boja medija će se promijeniti iz ljubičaste u žutu, dok će u Durhamovoj cijevi nastati mjehurić plina koji pokriva trećinu cijevi. Potvrđujući test će utvrditi prisutnost koliformnih bakterija potvrđenih prethodnim testom stavljanjem na endoagar, test je pozitivan ako rastu tipične koliformne kolonije. Konačni test je biokemijski test potvrde i Gramovo bojenje.
Koga uključujemo među subvirusne patogene?
Koji je glavni izvor ugljikohidrata u mediju koji se koristi u praktikum?
Koja je razlika između autoklaviranja i pasterizacije?
Navedi metode sterilizacije koristeći fizičke agense kao što su ionizirajuće zračenje, incineracija, filtracija, suha toplina, autoklaviranje i korištenje sterilizatora kao što su etilen oksid, ozon.
Prionske bolesti nastaju kao rezultat promjena u trodimenzionalnoj strukturi molekula, mogu biti posljedica infekcije, a također se mogu javiti spontano, uzrokujući degeneraciju živčanog sustava.
Koja je strukturna i funkcionalna razlika između fimbrija i pilusa?
Navedi glavne funkcije citoplazmatske membrane.
Koja je razlika između protoplasta i sferoplasta?
Koja je razlika između protoplasta i sferoplasta?
Protoplasti su biljne i mikrobiološke stanice nastale potpunim uklanjanjem stanične stijenke, dok su sferoplasti biljne ili mikrobiološke stanice nastale djelomičnim uklanjanjem stanične stijenke.
Protoplasti se nalaze samo u biljkama, dok se sferoplasti nalaze i u biljkama i u mikroorganizmima.
Sferoplasti mogu preživjeti bez stanične stijenke, dok protoplasti ne mogu.
Nema razlike; oni su isti.
Navedite barem dva bakterijska egzotoksina.
Botulin, kolera toksin
E. coli toksin, stafilokokni enterotoksin
Tetanus toksin, difterijski toksin
Nijedno od navedenog
Koja je svrha dubokog agara?
Za uzgoj bakterija koje zahtijevaju manje kisika nego što je prisutno na površini medija, također pomaže u određivanju potreba za kisikom i pokretljivosti bakterija.
Da pruži čvrstu površinu za rast bakterija.
Za izolaciju specifičnih tipova bakterija.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Što znate o periplazmatskom prostoru?
Prostor između unutarnje citoplazmatske membrane i vanjske stanične membrane, veći kod gram-negativnih bakterija, važan je reakcijski prostor za tvari koje ulaze ili izlaze iz stanice.
To je isto što i citoplazma.
To se nalazi samo u gram-pozitivnim bakterijama.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Koje bakterijske strukture služe za površinsku adheziju?
Kapsula, fimbrije i pili
Flageli i treplje
Stanična stijenka i membrana
Nijedno od navedenog
Koji virusi su RNA?
HIV, virus gripe, virus citrusa tristeza
Herpes virus, HPV i adenovirus
Bakterijski virusi i fage
Nijedna od navedenih
Koja je veličina virusnih čestica?
30-300 nm
10-100 nm
1-10 nm
300-1000 nm
Koje strukture karakteriziraju vanjsku membranu gram-negativnih bakterija?
Lipopolisaharidi i porini
Peptidoglikan i teikoične kiseline
Proteini i lipidi
Nijedno od navedenog
Što čini glikanski lanac?
Dva naizmjenična glikanska molekula N-acetilglukozamina i N-acetil muraminske kiseline
Jedna vrsta molekula šećera
Proteini i lipidi
Nijedna od navedenog
Što karakterizira gram-pozitivne bakterije?
Teikojska kiselina
Vanjska membrana
Lipidni dvosloj
Nijedna od navedenog
Zašto haploidnost kod prokariota omogućava bržu evoluciju?
Imaju samo jednu kopiju genetskog materijala i razmnožavaju se horizontalno, što omogućava sticanje genetskog materijala od genetski nepovezanih organizama.
Mogu mutirati brže od diploidnih organizama.
Imaju složeniju genetsku strukturu.
Nijedno od navedenog.
Objasnite načine na koje se rast bakterija manifestira u tekućim medijima.
Koja je prva faza razvoja infekcije?
Kontakt i vezivanje s domaćinom, adhezija na domaćina i specifičnost patogena za domaćina koristeći pili, fimbrije, flagela ili kapsule.
Invazija imunološkog sustava domaćina.
Replikacija patogena.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Što je HPV ili humani papiloma virus?
To je onkogeni virus koji je stekao gen iz stanice, DNA virus i prenosi se spolno.
To je RNA virus.
Uzrokuje samo kožne bradavice.
Nijedna od navedenih.
Okrugli ispravne izjave o veličini, morfologiji i svojstvima virusa.
Mogu se vidjeti elektronskim mikroskopom i nemaju staničnu strukturu.
Veći su od bakterija.
Mogu se reproducirati neovisno.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Kako se prenose biljni virusi?
Na epidermisu
Kroz tlo
Insektima
Nijedno od navedenog.
Kako se ATP generira u arheobakterijama roda Halobacterium pod anaerobnim uvjetima?
ATP se generira oksidacijom organskih supstrata koristeći sunčevu svjetlost. Bakteriorhodopsin smješten u ljubičastoj membrani koristi svjetlosnu energiju za pumpanje protona u vanjski prostor, stvarajući protonski gradijent koji se koristi za kemiosmotsku sintezu ATP-a.
Generira se fermentacijom.
Generira se disanjem.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Kako se uspostavlja fizička veza tijekom konjugacije u gram-pozitivnim bakterijama, a kako u gram-negativnim bakterijama?
U G+ bakterijama: korištenjem agregacijskih proteina, u G- bakterijama: stvaranjem otvora između membrana i povezivanjem putem pili.
Samo G+ bakterije mogu konjugirati.
Nema razlike u procesu.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Koje ste metode koristili za inokulaciju bakterija tijekom vježbi?
Strekanje, širenje i lijevanje.
Samo strekanje.
Samo lijevanje.
Nijedna od navedenog.
Koja je svrha izrade decimalne razrjeđivanja?
Da se smanji koncentracija analita koji se testira, tako da bude unutar raspona, ali i da se pomogne eliminirati smetnje od drugih tvari koje mogu biti prisutne u uzorku.
Da se poveća koncentracija analita.
Da se pripremi matična otopina.
Nijedna od navedenog.
What is the purpose/function of aquaporins in E. Coli bacteria?
Responsible for passive water entry into cells
Involved in ATP synthesis
Regulate pH levels
Transport nutrients
Explain the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins.
What processes can proton motive force trigger?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cell division
Protein synthesis
DNA replication
What is virulence?
Degree of pathogenicity
Ability to reproduce
Resistance to antibiotics
Rate of infection
What is bacteriochlorophyll and in which organisms is it found?
What does dipicolinic acid do and where is it found?
What is the role of dipicolinic acid and where is it found?
It is found in endospores and provides resistance to bacteria against high temperatures along with calcium.
It is a component of bacterial cell walls.
It is involved in energy production.
It is a type of antibiotic.
What is autoclaving?
A method used for complete sterilization of materials from microorganisms.
A technique for growing bacteria in culture.
A process for freezing bacteria.
A method for identifying bacterial species.
In what ways can you determine the Gram affiliation of a bacterial culture?
By simple and complex (differential) staining and the KOH method.
By using a microscope.
By culturing the bacteria.
By measuring their growth rate.
Which bacteria produce antibiotics?
Aerobic, spore-forming bacteria of the genera Streptomyces and Bacillus.
Only Bacillus.
All bacteria produce antibiotics.
Only anaerobic bacteria.
What are intercellular signaling systems and autoinduction?
Intercellular signaling systems are mechanisms by which bacteria can sense their own population density.
They are methods for bacterial reproduction.
They are types of antibiotics.
They are processes for energy production.
What is bacteriorhodopsin?
A protein used by Archaea; acts as a proton pump.
A type of antibiotic.
A component of bacterial cell walls.
A method for bacterial identification.
Select the pathogens that cannot be cultured on artificial nutrient media.
Chlamydia trachomatis, potato spindle tuber viroid, Rickettsia prowazekii, cucumber mosaic virus.
All bacteria can be cultured.
Only viruses can be cultured.
Only fungi can be cultured.
What is the role of transpeptidation in cell wall synthesis?
It is the final step in which a peptide bond is formed between peptide chains.
It is a method of bacterial reproduction.
It is a process of energy production.
It is a type of antibiotic action.
Name 3 genera of chemoautotrophic bacteria.
Sulfolobus, Thiobacillus, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter.
E. coli, Bacillus, Streptococcus.
Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium.
Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella.
What is the correct statement about plasmids?
They are much smaller than 'chromosomal' DNA (nucleoid) and carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
They are larger than chromosomal DNA.
They do not carry any genes.
They are only found in viruses.
How can viral infection of plant organisms occur?
Through vegetative (asexual) reproduction, viral particles carried by wind, experimental procedures involving rubbing leaves with infectious sap, or by aphids that previously fed on sap from infected plants.
Only through seeds.
Only through soil.
Only through water.
Which statement is true about the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus?
During the cycle, it does not change oxidation state, and the phosphorus cycle is of local character.
It changes oxidation state frequently.
It is not important for ecosystems.
It is only relevant for aquatic environments.
In what ways do bacteria move?
Three types of movement: flagellar, spirochete, and sliding movement.
Only by flagella.
Only by cilia.
They do not move.
The particle of tobacco mosaic virus has a spiral structure.
Name methods for counting bacteria.
Indirect - Koch's method, MPN method (most probable number), turbidimetric method. Direct - counting in Petroff-Hausser chamber and staining after simple staining with fluorescent dye.
Only direct methods.
Only indirect methods.
There are no methods for counting bacteria.
Which bacteria do we detect by colimetry?
Citrobacter, Enterobacter, E. coli, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Yersinia.
Only E. coli.
Only Citrobacter.
All bacteria can be detected by colimetry.
What are SASP proteins and what are their functions?
Proteins present in bacterial spores; their main role is to protect the DNA.
They are involved in energy production.
They are a type of antibiotic.
They are not important for bacteria.
What are SASP proteins and what are their functions?
Name three gram-positive bacterial species.
What is the purpose of a Durham tube?
What structures do we find in the extracellular space of bacteria?
Circle the diseases caused by viruses.
Hepatitis
Mononucleosis
Sugar beet jaundice
List at least three types of nutrient media based on their purpose and provide one example of each type of medium you used in exercises.
Selective nutrient media - ALPV
General-purpose media - MPA medium
Differential nutrient media - Starch agar
Circle the diseases caused by viruses.
(a)
Name 5 examples of fermentation and their products.
Circle the bacterial appendages that serve for movement.
Flagella
Axial filaments
What is the purpose of diffusion tests, swabs, and colimetry?
What are akinetes?
According to their relationship to temperature, microorganisms are divided into: psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles (hyperthermophiles).
What are the purposes of pili?
What are the purposes of pili?
To attach cells to surfaces
To allow bacteria to come closer
To create openings between membranes
To enable conjugation
To help bacteria move forward
Compare bacterial and archaeal flagella.
Bacterial flagella have a hollow filament
Bacterial flagella consist of multiple copies of one protein
Bacterial flagella are faster because they use proton motive force
Archaeal flagella are thinner and consist of different types of flagellin
Archaeal flagella are hollow and use ATP for energy
What are the types of relationships bacteria have with oxygen?
Aerobic
Facultative anaerobic
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Anaerobic
Microaerophilic
What is the generation time?
The time it takes for an organism to double in size
The time it takes for a virus to replicate
The time it takes for bacteria to divide
The time it takes for a cell to undergo mitosis
In which phase are bacteria least resistant to antibiotics?
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
Lag phase
Circle the correct statements about endotoxins.
Very toxic
Thermolabile
Non-toxic
Stable at high temperatures
How do spirochetes move, and how do spirilla move?
Spirochetes move with axial filaments
Spirochetes have a flexible helix
Spirilla move with polar flagella
Spirilla have a rigid helix
What does the FtsZ protein do?
Acts as a protein organizer
Is necessary for cell division
Forms the septum during division
All of the above
How do viruses damage the cell?
By taking over ribosomes for protein synthesis
By exploiting cellular proteins to build their particles
By causing cell lysis
By integrating into the host genome
Arrange the pathogens by size from largest to smallest: viroid of citrus canker, poliovirus, amoeba, mycoplasma pneumoniae, Treponema pallidum.
Amoeba
Treponema pallidum
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Poliovirus
Viroid of citrus canker
What do we call the cycling of elements in nature that is enabled by bacteria?
Biochemical cycle
Nutrient cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Among the listed diseases, circle those caused by viruses.
Influenza
Smallpox
Hepatitis
Herpes
Bacterial pneumonia
Explain what the image shows and describe it. G- or G+ bacteria?
G- bacteria
G+ bacteria
What substances are found in the intracellular space of bacteria?
Granules
Cytoplasm
Gas vacuoles
Magnetosomes
Inclusions
What are the characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Integrates its genome into the host cell genome
Attacks T4 lymphocytes causing immune deficiency
Belongs to retroviruses
All of the above
For plant viruses, which statement is true?
The most common symptom of viral infection is mosaic mottling
Viral infections in plants can result in leaf distortion
Viral infections in plants can result in flower and fruit distortion
Viral infections in plants can result in stunting and wilting
Circle the viral diseases among the listed ones.
Smallpox
Influenza
Hepatitis
Herpes
Bacterial pneumonia
What is true about viruses?
They can cause tumors
They are always harmful
They can be beneficial
They can only infect animals
What are the viral infections in plants that can result in stunting and wilting?
Viral diseases
Bacterial infections
Fungal infections
What equipment did we use for inoculation?
Eza
Glass rod
Pipette
How can we increase contrast in light microscopy?
Using dyes that stain specific parts of the cell
Using a higher magnification
Using a different light source
What is bacterioprenol?
A hydrophobic alcohol that binds to N-acyl glucosamine
A type of virus
A bacterial enzyme
What does epidemiology study?
The occurrence and spread of diseases
The structure of cells
The function of organs
What is true about satellite RNA?
They are non-autonomous pathogens
They are independent viruses
They are a type of bacteria
What is a key characteristic of periplasmic binding proteins important for bacteria in nutrient-poor areas?
They trigger a bioluminescent signal in response to certain metals
They are involved in cell division
They help in DNA replication
Explain why gram-positive bacteria prevail on human skin.
They have thicker cell walls and are more resistant to drying
They are more numerous
They are more pathogenic
What physical and chemical agents promote spore germination?
Presence of water and germination factors
High temperatures
Low pH
What are porins, what do they do, and where are they located?
Proteins in the outer membrane that form channels for diffusion
Enzymes that break down nutrients
Structural proteins in the cell wall
What mechanism allows bacteria in a biofilm to act collectively?
Intercellular signaling system
Nutrient sharing
Genetic exchange
What is kemoautotrophy or chemolithoautotrophy?
Conducting respiration by metabolizing inorganic compounds
Using sunlight for energy
Decomposing organic matter
What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
Inhibits enzymes for cell wall synthesis
Destroys bacterial DNA
Inhibits protein synthesis
In which part of the biosphere are the most bacteria found?
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Explain the similarity between phototaxis and chemotaxis in bacteria.
Phototaxis is movement in response to light, while chemotaxis is in response to chemical stimuli
Both are types of reproduction
Both are forms of energy production
What other elements can be used by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria for ATP production?
Hydrogen, sulfur, iron, ammonium ion, nitrite
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
Calcium, magnesium, potassium
Under what conditions does glycogen and phs accumulate?
In conditions of carbon surplus
In conditions of nutrient deficiency
In acidic conditions
Name the three domains.
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
Plants, Animals, Fungi
Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea
What is the correct statement regarding the infection of animal cells by viruses?
The entry of the virus into the cell is preceded by the recognition of the antireceptor on the viral particle and the receptor on the cell surface
Viruses can enter cells without recognition
Animal cells are immune to viral infections
Why are cyanobacteria considered the most advanced prokaryotes?
They developed chlorophyll a, heterocysts, plasmodesmata, gelatinous
They are the largest bacteria
They are the oldest living organisms
What is murein?
What are the types of flagella you know?
What are the 4 types of viral genomes?
What are the bacteria that cause diseases called?
What are the chemicals that destroy bacterial cells and endospores?
Where does the bacteria that is aerobic, barophilic, and psychrophilic live?
What is a toxoid?
Why does the definition of species in bacteria differ from the definition of species in animals?
List the stages of biofilm formation.
Surface conditioning
Hydrodynamics of the system
Attachment of bacterial cells
Accumulation of cells in the initial phase of biofilm development
Maturation of biofilm
Which product of yeast fermentation is crucial in bread production and which family of microorganisms participates in this process?
Carbon dioxide
Saccharomycetaceae
What are the two basic groups of methods for determining the number of bacteria?
Direct methods
Indirect methods
Among the listed diseases, circle those caused by viruses.
(a)
Which of the two proposed genera represent typical gram-positive sporulating bacteria?
Bacillus
Clostridium
What is the virus of foot-and-mouth disease classified as?
(a)
What type of virus is yellow fever?
(a)
What is the role of the viral genome?
What is the significance of hysteresis in agar?
What is the role of the viral genome?
