Parasympathetic stimulation causes:

Which of the following is NOT a main function of the stomach?

Most water absorption occurs in the ________. Only about 0.1 L is excreted in feces.

Somatostatin & secretin inhibit ________ secretion.

Hormones that increase gastric acid secretion include:

Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth & small intestine by ________ & ________ amylase.

Fat digestion starts in the mouth by ________ lipase, but the main site is the small intestine/duodenum.

Protein digestion starts in the stomach with ________, and continues in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidases.

Chemical digestion involves breaking bonds via enzymes such as ________.

Emulsification is the breakdown of large fat globules into small droplets by bile salts in the ________.

Simple diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from ________ to ________ concentration without energy or transport proteins.

Glucose is absorbed via ________ active transport (Na+-glucose symporter).

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Does the large intestine play a major role in digestion?

Name the three main stages of glucose catabolism.

Which of the following is NOT a product of glucose catabolism?

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into ________.

Gluconeogenesis is the process of making __________ from non-carbohydrate sources

Reabsorption in the nephron means substances like glucose, water, and electrolytes move from _______ back into _______.

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop is _______ to water but actively reabsorbs ions (Na+, K+, Cl-).

The thin descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to _______ but not to ions.

GFR increases most when the afferent arteriole _______ and the efferent arteriole _______.

Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole means more blood flows into the glomerulus, increasing pressure and GFR.

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole means blood leaves the glomerulus more slowly, increasing back-pressure and GFR.

Without ADH, the distal tubule and collecting ducts have _______ water permeability.

What is the normal value for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in ml/min?

Positive feedback: Suckling triggers ________, increasing milk letdown.

Oogenesis is the process of ______ formation in females. It occurs in the ovarian cortex, not the medulla.

The monthly cycle that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is called the ______ cycle. It has 3 phases: Menstrual → Proliferative → Secretory.

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A primary oocyte is an immature egg cell that begins meiosis I during fetal development but gets arrested in ______ until puberty.

What type of follicle contains the secondary oocyte?

Which of the following is NOT a component of seminal fluid?

Prostaglandins in semen help stimulate female reproductive contractions and improve ______ viability.

Name the three main layers of the uterus.

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg (secondary oocyte) from the ovary. It typically occurs on day ______ of a 28-day cycle.

The corpus luteum maintains pregnancy for the first ______ months, until the placenta takes over.

In the male sexual response, erection is under ______ control, and ejaculation is under ______ control. Both are under involuntary control.

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with one from each parent. They are similar in:

Humans have ______ pairs of homologous chromosomes in somatic cells.

Haploid (n) cells have ______ set(s) of chromosomes. In humans, this is ______ chromosomes.

Diploid (2n): cells with how many sets of chromosomes?

How many chromosomes are present in humans?

Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes numbered from __ to __.

Phenotype refers to:

Dominant alleles use ______ letters.

Recessive alleles use ______ letters.

Astigmatism is an autosomal ______ trait.

Attached earlobes are an autosomal ______ trait.

DD is ______ dominant, Dd is ______, and dd is ______ recessive.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of ______ dominance and is ______.

IAIA or IAi result in blood type ____.

IAIB results in blood type ____.

Sex-linked traits are on which chromosomes?

Amniocentesis is done between ____ and ____ weeks.