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WorksheetsOD 623- Midterm Review
Total questions: 72
Worksheet time: 38mins
What mechanisms help maintain homeostasis?
Receptors
Control centers
Effectors
All of the above
What two terms can "Q" stand for?
Every
Always
Four
Never
"Hepato" is an example of what part of a medical term?
Trendelenburg position is contraindicated in which of the following patients?
Pt w/ recent eye surgery
Pt w/ cerebral injury
Bleeding pt
Pt in shock
The spleen is located in which body quadrant?
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
Which organelle is responsible for making ribosome components?
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
What organelle in the endomembrane system produces cholesterol and phospholipids for use in membranes? What organelle produces other lipids?
Smooth ER, Rough ER
Golgi apparatus, Rough ER
Rough ER, Smooth ER
Rough ER, lysosomes
What are the structural features of microfilaments in cellular cytoskeleton?
Intracellular transport, mitosis, form cilia & flagella
Cell shape maintenance, organelle anchoring, & mitosis
Cell movement, intracellular transport, cell shape maintenance, and muscle contraction
Cell movement, meiosis, cell shape maintenance
What is the 60-40-20 rule relating to body fluid division in the body?
60% of total body water (TBW) is ICF, 40% is ECF, and 20% is interstitial fluid
60% of body weight is water/fluid. 40% of that is ICF, 20% is ECF
60% of body weight is water/fluid. 20% of that is ICF, 40% is ECF
60% of total body water (TBW) is ECF, 20% is plasma, and 40% is ICF
What is the function of the ECF?
-facilitates cellular metabolism
-allows for intracellular communication
-maintains cell volume/shape
-facilitates swelling
-cushions cells
-helps in immune response
-exchange medium for substances entering/exiting cells
-allows for fluid & electrolyte balance
-facilitates nutrient and waste transport
-allows for intercellular communication
-decreases edema
-bypasses the lymphatic system
-decreases communication between cells
What are the major cations in ICF?
Na+, K+
K+, Mg++
Mg++, Na+
Just Na+
Which is NOT a basic component of cell membranes?
Phospholipids
Cholesterols
Membrane proteins (integral and peripheral)
Carbohydrates
Which solute transport mechanism(s) requires an input of energy?
Simple diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Secondary diffusion
If a cell is placed into a solution that has more particles than the cell, what type of solution is it in?
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Osmotic
Hypertonic
What is an equilibrium potential?
Concentration difference of an ion
The diffusion potential that exactly balances the affinity for diffusion down a concentration gradient
Electrochemical potential difference generated across a membrane by a charged solute diffusing down its concentration gradient
Possibility that a channel is open
What causes the repolarization of a skeletal muscle action potential?
-Na+ inactivation gates close, stopping influx of Na+
-voltage-gated K+ channels open, allowing efflux of K+
-Voltage-gated K+ channels close, stopping efflux of K+
-Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in
-Continued K+ efflux pushes cell toward K+ equilibrium potential
What are the two main types of synapses and how do they work?
Chemical synapse: info transmitted from one cell to another via neurotransmitters
Chemical synapse: allows current flow via gap junctions
Electrical synapse: info transmitted from one cell to another via neurotransmitters
Electrical synapse: allows current flow via gap junctions
How is the neurotransmitter (NT) released from a presynaptic neuron at a neuromuscular junction?
Free-floating NT is released via exocytosis
Ca++ influx causes NT-filled vesicles to fuse with plasma membrane & release their contents by endocytosis
Free-floating NT is released through membrane protein channels
Ca++ influx causes NT-filled vesicles to fuse with plasma membrane & release their contents by exocytosis
What are the major neurotransmitter classes?
Choline esters, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides
Antibodies, cytokines, steroids, choline esters
Vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, amino acids
Biogenic amines, enzymes, lipids, proteins
Which answer matches the correct sarcomere component to its properties?
A-band:
Delineates ends of sarcomere.
I-band:
Contains thin (actin) filaments, intermediate filamentous proteins, and Z disks.
M-line:
Located in center of sarcomere. Contains thick (myosin) filaments. Thick/thin bands overlap to form cross-bridge formation sites.
Z disk:
Associates with thick and thin filaments. Anchors myofibrils.
What is the main ion responsible for excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle cells?
Mg++
Na+
Ca++
K+
What molecule in smooth muscle is the equivalent of troponin in skeletal muscle?
Myosin-light-chain-kinase
Ca++
Myosin light chains
Calmodulin
How do smooth muscles relax?
Hyperpolarization closes voltage-gated channels
Ligands (i.e. cAMP or GMP) inhibit ligand-gated channels
IP3 production is inhibited
SR stop releasing Ca++ ions
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Voluntary motor system that controls skeletal muscle movement
A sensory network that transmits touch and pain to the brain
Involuntary motor system that controls visceral organ function
A system responsible for conscious thought and memory processing
What neurotransmitter is not released from sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic varicosities?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Neuropeptide Y
Which sympathetic adrenergic receptor causes pupil dilation when activated?
Alpha-1
Alpha-2
Beta-1
Beta-2
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic PREganglionic neurons? What NT is released by POSTganglionic neurons?
ACh, NE
ACh, E
ACh, ACh
E, NE
Which muscarinic receptors have an excitatory effect for the parasympathetic nervous system?
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
What ocular muscles are controlled by sympathetic innervation?
Ciliary body & iris sphincter
Iris sphincter & iris dilator
Ciliary body & iris dilator
Superior rectus & Mueller's muscle
How does genetic inheritance work?
What is Mendel's third hypothesis?
For each inherited character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
If two alleles of an inherited pair differ, one determines the organism's appearance (dominant), and the other has no noticeable effect on an organism's appearance (recessive).
There are alternative versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characteristics.
A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because the two alleles for a character segregate from each other during gamete production. (aka law of segregation)
What is the primary source of genetic variation leading to evolution?
Crossing over
Mutation
Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
Random fertilization
What is the most common chromosome abnormality and what type of chromosomal disorder is it?
XXY (Klinefelter Syndrome), Numerical
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), Numerical
5p deletion (Cri du Chat Syndrome), Structural
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), Structural
What is an example of an ocular autosomal dominant condition?
Leber Congenital Amaurosis
Best Disease
Stargardt Disease
Usher Syndrome
Which mitochondrial disorder is caused by the mutation of mitochondrial DNA?
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy
Leigh Syndrome
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
What is nutrition?
Terrible for you
The intake and utilization of nutrients necessary for growth, maintenance, & overall health
Unneccessary
A diet fad
What are the physiological functions of lipids?
Energy storage, cushioning, insulation, steroid synthesis
Primary source of dietary energy
Used to build & repair tissues
Detoxification and bone health
What electron carrier (or carriers) take electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain?
Only NAD+
NAD+ and FAD
Only FAD
NADH and FADH
What process converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA?
What is the primary purpose of protein metabolism? What is the secondary purpose of protein metabolism?
Primary: Structure; Secondary: Energy
What other heat-generating mechanism must be active in order for thyroid hormones to have their maximum effect?
Shivering
Sympathetic NS activation
Decreased skin blood vessel sympathetic activity
Increased activation of sweat gland sympathetic cholinergic fibers
Where are the mechanisms for dissipating body heat coordinated in the body?
Posterior hypothalamus
Medulla
Anterior hypothalamus
Pons
What nutritional factors are most linked with Type II Diabetes?
Excessive sugar & refined carb consumption
Diets high in fruits & veggies
Diets low in soda intake
Insufficient vitamin intake
Which of the following are examples of malnutrition?
Micronutrient deficiency
Obesity
Macronutrient deficiency
Hypervitaminosis
What vitamin deficiency affects the eyes?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Which is not an acceptable treatment for alcoholism?
Counseling
Medication to reduce desire to drink
Mutual support groups
Acupuncture
What type of epithelial tissue junctions binds adjacent cells together?
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Hemidesmosomes
Loose junctions
What type of connective tissue protects internal organs from trauma?
Fibrocartilage
Dense elastic
Dense collagenous
Bone
Which of the following is not a major organ system?
Integumentary system
Vestibular system
Endocrine system
Nervous system
What is the pathway of blood through the heart, lungs, and systemic circulation?
Body -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Lungs -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Body.
Which is not a function of blood?
Transportation
Regulation
Metabolism
Protection
What type of blood transfusion would someone with Type A blood react to?
Type B
Type AB
Type O+
Type O-
What type of blood vessel has the largest capacitance?
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Capillaries
How does blood vessel resistance affect blood pressure?
What is the major mechanism for changing cardiovascular blood flow?
Modifying the resistance of blood vessels (especially arterioles)
What causes the plateau of a cardiac action potential?
No Ca++ ions in the cell
Decrease in Na+ influx
Inward current of Ca++ = outward current of K+
Increase in K+ efflux
Which ECG wave represents ventricular repolarization?
T wave
P wave
QRS wave
PR interval
The magnitude of myocardial tension developed during cardiac cross-bridge cycling is proportional to what?
Intracellular Ca++ concentration
What is cardiac output dependent on?
During which phase of cardiac cycle is S1 heard? (NOTE: THIS QUESTION IS ON THE MIDTERM)
What does isovolumetric mean?
No change in volume
Increase in volume
Decrease in volume
No contraction or relaxation
In steady state, what should be the relationship between cardiac output and venous return?
CO < VR
CO > VR
CO = VR
They don't affect each other at all
Which of the following is NOT a brainstem center affected by the baroreceptor reflex?
Cardiac Decelerator Center
Cardiac Accelerator Center
Vasoconstrictor (Vasomotor) Center
Vasodilator Center
Which RAAs component(s) is responsible for vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Renin
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Return interstitial fluid and proteins to vascular compartments
What is the primary mechanism used for matching blood flow to metabolic needs?
Hormonal control
Local control
What is the primary compensatory cardiovascular response to decreased arterial pressure?
RAAS
Baroreceptor reflex
Orthostatic hypertension
Which two buffers are prominent in the blood?
Bicarbonate and phosphate
Which metabolic disorder would you suspect after lots of bodily fluid was lost to vomiting? How about to diarrhea?
Metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis, Milk-alkali syndrome
Metabolic alkalosis, metabolic acidosis
Chronic kidney disease, Lactic acidosis
Dilation/relaxation of airways is the direct result of which of the following?
Central nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Which respiratory function is caused by the diaphragm returning to its resting state?
Exhalation
Respiration
What is the residual volume?
Volume of air in alveoli + volume of air in airways
Total lung capacity minus the tidal volume.
Volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximal forced expiration
Volume of gas expired in a maximal forced expiration
