What is the process through which plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose?

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ________ membranes of chloroplasts and require light.

Which of the following is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

The Calvin Cycle is also called the ________ or dark reactions and occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

What are autotrophs?

What are heterotrophs?

Which of the following are photoautotrophs?

Oceanic algae are especially significant because they contribute greatly to global food and oxygen production.

Refer to Figure 5.2. Which of the following images shows cyanobacteria?

According to the image, how does the predator that eats the deer get energy?

Photosynthesis requires which of the following as starting reactants?

What are the products released after the process of photosynthesis is complete?

Which of the following best describes the energy source required for photosynthesis?

Which gas is taken in by the plant during photosynthesis?

The sugar molecules produced by photosynthesis contain the energy that living things need to survive.

What are the main sites of photosynthesis in plants?

What is the function of stomata in leaves?

What are the two main regions found within chloroplasts?

What is the name of the disc-shaped structures in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur?

What is the green pigment embedded in the thylakoid membranes that is key to capturing light energy and initiating photosynthesis?

A stack of thylakoids is called a ________.

The fluid-filled space surrounding the grana in a chloroplast is called the ________.

Label the part of the chloroplast responsible for harnessing light energy from the sun.

Label the part of the chloroplast structure that contains chlorophyll pigment.

Label the part of the chloroplast structure where light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) take place.

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Fill in the blank: The Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) occurs in the _______ of the chloroplast.

How many G3P molecules are needed to build a six-carbon glucose molecule according to the passage?

The energy carriers are 'charged' (energetically) when they transport electrons and hydrogen ions to the Calvin cycle and return 'empty' to the light-dependent stage to be recharged.

According to the diagram of the Two Stages of Photosynthesis, which of the following occurs during the Light-dependent Reactions?

In the Calvin Cycle, ______ is input along with ATP and NADPH. (Refer to the diagram of the Two Stages of Photosynthesis)

Which structure in the diagram is responsible for the Light-dependent Reactions?

The main product of the Calvin Cycle, as shown in the diagram, is _______.

Arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order from shortest to longest wavelength:

What type of energy does the sun emit that humans perceive as visible light?

What is the definition of wavelength?

Refer to the diagram of the energy wave. What is the distance between two consecutive points along the wave called?

In the energy wave diagram, what is the lowest point of the wave called?

Visible light, which appears white to the human eye, is made up of a spectrum of colors. Shorter wavelengths (like violet and blue) carry ______ energy, while longer wavelengths (like red) carry ______ energy.

Pigments absorb specific wavelengths and reflect others—this is why they appear a certain color. For example: Chlorophyll a, found in all photosynthetic organisms, absorbs blue and red light but reflects ______, making plants look green.

Other pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids absorb different wavelengths, broadening the range of light energy the plant can use. What is the benefit of having multiple pigments in plants?

Having a variety of pigments helps plants in shaded environments absorb more available light.

According to the diagram, what is absorbed by a chlorophyll molecule during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Which of the following is released when a molecule of water splits during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

The energy from light excites an electron in the ________ molecule, causing it to be transferred to a primary electron acceptor.

Which structure in the diagram is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis?

What is the chemical equation for the splitting of water as shown in the diagram?

What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

Where do the light-dependent reactions occur in plant cells?

What are the two photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions?

A photon is absorbed by a pigment, exciting an electron in ________, which is then passed to a primary electron acceptor.

To replace the lost electron, water is split (a process called photolysis), releasing which of the following? Select all that apply.

What is the byproduct released into the environment when water is split?

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, sunlight energy is stored in two key energy carriers: ATP and NADPH. What does ATP store energy in?

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, sunlight energy is stored in two key energy carriers: ATP and NADPH. NADPH carries energy with a ________ atom.

Hydrogen ions (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space, creating an electrochemical gradient. What is the result of this accumulation?

Chemiosmosis is the process where H+ ions flow back into the stroma through a membrane protein called ________.

Photophosphorylation: ATP synthase uses the energy from this ion flow to attach a third phosphate to ADP, forming ________.

After an electron travels through the electron transport chain, it arrives at ________, where it is re-energized by another photon of light.

Which molecule is converted into NADPH by the addition of a high-energy electron and a hydrogen ion (H+)?

The energy captured from sunlight and stored in ATP and NADPH is ready to be used in the Calvin cycle to help build sugar molecules.

The enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi in the thylakoid membrane is called ________.

What is the main function of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the plant cell?

The Calvin cycle is named after ________, who discovered the process.

The Calvin cycle is sometimes called the Calvin-Benson cycle to recognize Andrew Benson as well.

Which molecules provide the chemical energy for the Calvin cycle to synthesize sugars?

Photosynthesis is a highly conserved process across all photosynthetic organisms. Which of the following is NOT involved in photosynthesis?

Living in the harsh conditions of the desert has led plants like the cactus to evolve variations in reactions outside the Calvin cycle. These variations increase efficiency and help conserve water and energy. What is one adaptation that allows plants in dry climates to conserve water?

Some plants perform Calvin cycle steps at ______, reducing water loss by opening stomata during cooler temperatures.

Some plants can carry out minimal photosynthesis without opening stomata, helping them survive extreme drought.

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in two stages: Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle, typically within ________.

Which of the following organelles do prokaryotes like cyanobacteria lack?

How do some types of prokaryotes (e.g., cyanobacteria) perform photosynthesis?

What is the function of the infolded regions of the plasma membrane in photosynthetic prokaryotes?

In living systems, how is energy accessed?

Carbohydrates function to provide ____ to organisms for survival.

Even plants break down carbohydrates via ________.

Plants have mitochondria as well as chloroplasts.

What do animals consume and release in the carbon cycle?